Similarities between lions and sympatric carnivores in diel activity, size and morphology

Temporal separation in diel activity between species can be caused either by different realized niches or by competition avoidance. Morphologically similar species tend to have similar ecological niches. Therefore, morphological similarities among sympatric species may be related to both overlap in diel activity and possibilities for competition. In carnivores, competition is often strong and asymmetric. Africa contains one of the most species rich carnivore assemblages in the world, where the African lion (Panthera leo) is dominant wherever it is present. Using camera trap data on South African carnivores, we evaluated how overlap with lions in diel activity related to similarities to lions in body mass, skull and long bone morphology. We found a positive association between overlap in diel activity with lions and similarities in log body mass, but we only observed this association using dry season activity data. We found no associations between overlap in diel activity with lions and similarities in either long bone or skull morphology, nor did we find associations between differences in overlap in diel activity within species between one reserve with and one without lions and morphological similarity with lions. Our results suggest that niche utilization rather than avoidance of lions dictated carnivore diel activity, although we acknowledge that lion avoidance could have been manifested in spatial rather than temporal separation. Our study supports recent suggestions of context dependencies in the effects of apex predator presences

Antioxidant activity of twenty wild Spanish Thymus mastichina L. populations and its relation with their chemical composition

The antioxidant activity and chemical composition of essential oils and methanolic extracts of twenty Spanish Thymus mastichina L. populations were studied. Both essential oils and methanolic extracts possessed antioxidant properties. However, the total phenol contents of the methanolic extracts varied between 2.90 and 9.15mg GAE/g extract and the EC 25 values of DPPH free radical scavenging activity between 0.90 and 3.45mg/mL for the methanolic extracts and 78-241mg/mL for essential oils, these showing low antioxidant potential. Actually, in essential oils the main compound determined was the 1,8-cineole (56.8-69.6%), whereas thymol, γ-terpinene, terpinolene and geraniol (species with considerable DPPH scavenging activity) were observed in low amounts. Concerning methanolic extracts, rosmarinic acid was the most abundant polyphenol (1.70-9.85mg/g), followed by methoxysalicylic acid, apigenin, kaempferol and luteolin.The authors are grateful to the POCTEPePrograma Cooperação Transfronteiriça España-Portugal 2007 e 2013 for financial support through the project “Mejora de la competitividad del sector agrario de Castilla y León y Norte de Portugal a través de la innovación y el desarrollo de productos diferenciados de alto valor”.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Decreta pro conseruanda et amplificanda vitae regularis obseruantia : nec non pro guberna[n]di vniformitate in Hispaniae & Lusitanae prouinciis ordinis carmelitarum inducenda

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Decreta pro vita regulari sancti monialium ordinis carmelitarum amplificanda

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