Constitutive and Induced Differential Accumulation of Amino Acid in Leaves of Susceptible and Resistant Soybean Plants in Response to the Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Although soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) resistance is commercially available in the form of the Rag1 gene, the mechanism of this resistance is not fully understood. Amino acids are a limiting factor for aphid growth, and there is evidence that plant amino acid composition is related to aphid resistance. Antibiotic resistance like that conferred by Rag1 could be associated in part with both protein and nonprotein free amino acids reducing survival, growth, and fecundity of the target pest. We posed two hypotheses: (1) A.glycines resistance is related to host quality in terms of free amino acids composition in the leaf, and (2) aphids may enhance host quality by inducing changes in the free amino acids composition. To test these hypotheses we conducted a field experiment using a split plot design, with soybean lines (a susceptible line and a related line carrying Rag1) as whole plots and aphid density as subplots (insecticide treated or left exposed to natural infestations). We analyzed free amino acids in leaves at three soybean developmental stages in all subplots. We observed significant whole and subplot effects on the concentration of a subset of amino acids tested. Susceptible and resistant plants had constitutive (whole-plot) differences in amino acids composition in all developmental stages analyzed. In addition, aphid-induced (subplot) responses of the plant to aphid infestation were found. We propose that the reduced nutritional quality of the resistant line and its reduced susceptibility to aphid-induced changes may contribute to aphid resistance conferred by Rag1

Aporte de las plantas de Eichhornia crassipes a la acumulacion de materiales organicos e inorganicos

#Eichhornia crassipes est l'une des plantes les plus abondantes de la plaine d'inondation du fleuve Parana. Les détritus formés dans les îles flottantes s'accumulent à l'interface eau-sédiment ou bien dans le système racinaire des plantes. La quantité de matière organique et minérale déposée par #E. crassipes a été mesurée dans un réservoir (10 m x 2 m x 1,5 m de profondeur). Le réservoir a été rempli avec de l'eau d'un bras mort de la plaine d'inondation et #E. crassipes y a été ajoutée. Dans ces conditions la production nette des plantes a été de 1743 g/m2/an. La moyenne annuelle de matière organique sédimentée sous #E. crassipes a été de 5,1 g/m2/jour, avec des variations saisonnières significatives. Le maximum de dépôt de matière minérale et organique a eu lieu en mars et le minimum en août. La teneur en matière organique fine représentait 40 à 69% de ce dépôt. (Résumé d'auteur

Sodium fraction excretion rate in nocturnal enuresis correlates with nocturnal polyuria and osmolality

Abstract: Purpose: We verify the sodium fraction excretion rate (FE Na) and potassium fraction excretion WE K) rates in monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. We also correlate FE Na and FE K to urinary osmolality, nocturnal polyuria and vasopressin in the same population. Materials and Methods: A total of 438 children 6 to 15 years old (mean age 9.7) presenting with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis were recruited from different centers. Inclusion criteria were 3 or greater wet nights a week, no daytime incontinence and no treatment in the previous 2 months. Exclusion criteria were cardiopathy, endocrinopathy, psychiatric problems and urinary tract abnormalities. Micturition chart, diurnal (8 am to 8 pm) and nocturnal (8 pm to 8 am) urine collection, including separate diuresis volumes, (Na, K and Ca) electrolytes and osmolality were evaluated, as well as serum electrolytes, creatinine and nocturnal (4 am) vasopressin. Diurnal and nocturnal FE K and FE Na were calculated. ANOVA test, chi-square test, Student's t test and Pearson correlation test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Nocturnal polyuria (diurnal to nocturnal diuresis ratio less than 1) was found in 273 children (62.3%, group I and nocturnal urine volumes were normal in 165 with enuresis (37.7%, group 2). Nocturnal FE Na was abnormal in 179 children (40.8%), including 118 in group 1 (43.2%) and 61 in group 2 (36.9%) (chi-square not significant). FE Na was also increased in nocturnal versus daytime diuresis (Student's t test p < 0.001). In group 1 nocturnal FE Na correlated with nocturnal diuresis (Pearson correlation p = 0.003, r = +0.175), while daytime FE Na and nocturnal FE Na correlated with diurnal diuresis (Pearson correlation p = 0.001, r = +0.225 and Pearson correlation p = 0.001, r = +0.209, respectively). In group 2 nocturnal FE Na did not correlate with diuresis (Pearson correlation p = 0.103, r = +0.128) but correlated with vasopressin values (Pearson correlation p = 0.042, r = -0.205). Urine osmolality was reduced in 140 children (31.9%) and correlated with nocturnal diuresis (Pearson correlation p = 0.003, r = -0.321). Vasopressin was decreased in 332 children (75.8%, 62.6% in group 1 and 13.2% in group 2). No significant difference was found between sexes and age of enuretic subgroups. Conclusions: Nocturnal FE Na correlates with nocturnal diuresis, whereas daytime FE Na does not. FE K in daytime and nighttime diuresis does not statistically differ in nocturnal polyuric and nonpolyuric enuretic groups. Osmolality correlates with nocturnal diuresis, and vasopressin at 4 am was lower in the nocturnal polyuric group. The hypothesis of a subset of enuretic patients presenting with nocturnal polyuria associated with high nocturnal natriuria and low vasopressin values has been confirmed

Patient and Sample Identification. out of the Maze?

Background: Patient and sample misidentification may cause significant harm or discomfort to the patients, especially when incorrect data is used for performing specific healthcare activities. It is hence obvious that efficient and quality care can only start from accurate patient identification. There are many opportunities for misidentification in healthcare and laboratory medicine, including homonymy, incorrect patient registration, reliance on wrong patient data, mistakes in order entry, collection of biological specimens from wrong patients, inappropriate sample labeling and inaccurate entry or erroneous transmission of test results through the laboratory information system. Many ongoing efforts are made to prevent this important healthcare problem, entailing streamlined strategies for identifying patients throughout the healthcare industry by means of traditional and innovative identifiers, as well as using technologic tools that may enhance both the quality and efficiency of blood tubes labeling. The aim of this article is to provide an overview about the liability of identification errors in healthcare, thus providing a pragmatic approach for diverging the so-called patient identification crisis

Enuresis subtypes based on nocturnal hypercalciuria: A multicenter study

Purpose: Desmopressin may not be effective for nocturnal enuresis associated with polyuria and hypercalciuria. Nighttime hypercalciuria in an enuretic population from 5 centers and its correlation with nighttime polyuria were verified. Materials and Methods: A total of 450 enuretic patients (278 males, 172 females, mean age 9.7 years) were evaluated with 72-hour micturition charts, urinalysis, serum creatinine and osmolarity, diurnal and nocturnal electrolytes with fractional Na+ and K+ urinary excretion, and nocturnal (4 a.m.) plasma vasopressin. Creatinine electrolytes and osmolarity were measured in daytime (8 a.m. to 8 p.m.) and nighttime (8 p.m. to 8 a.m.) urine volumes. Patients were divided into group 1 with nocturnal polyuria and group 2 without nocturnal polyuria. Hypercalciuria was defined as urinary calcium-to-urinary creatinine ratio greater than 0.21. Statistic evaluation was performed using chi-square, Pearson correlation and ANOVA tests. Results: Nighttime polyuria was demonstrated in 292 bedwetters (65% group 1). Nocturnal hypercalciuria was present in 179 of the 450 children (39.7%), including 125 in group 1 (42.8%) and 54 in group 2 (34.2%), which was statistically significant (chi-square p = 0.008, Pearson correlation test r = 0.157). Daytime calciuria was not statistically modified in either group (group 1 p = 0.054, group 2 p = 0.56). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ADH) was normal in 18.5% and low in 81.5% of enuretics with nocturnal hypercalciuria. ADH levels and nocturnal hypercalciuria significantly correlated (p = 0.003, r = 0.148). Conversely, the group 2 patients had normal ADH levels. Conclusions: Nocturnal hypercalciuria has a pivotal role in nocturnal enuresis, as it is significantly associated with low ADH levels and nocturnal polyuria. A new classification of nocturnal enuresis subtypes based on nighttime calciuria levels is mandatory to address treatment properly

Global Livestock Production Systems

Informed livestock sector policy development and priority setting is heavily dependent on a good understanding of livestock production systems. In a collaborative effort between the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Livestock Research Institute, stock has been taken of where we have come from in agricultural systems classification and mapping; the current state of the art; and the directions in which research and data collection efforts need to take in the future. The book also addresses issues relating to the intensity and scale of production, moving from what is done to how it is done. The intensification of production is an area of particular importance, for it is in the intensive systems that changes are occurring most rapidly and where most information is needed on the implications that intensification of production may have for livelihoods, poverty alleviation, animal diseases, public health and environmental outcomes. A series of case studies is provided, linking livestock production systems to rural livelihoods and poverty and examples of the application of livestock production system maps are drawn from livestock production, now and in the future; livestock's impact on the global environment; animal and public health; and livestock and livelihoods. This book provides a formal reference to Version 5 of the global livestock production systems map, and to revised estimates of the numbers of rural poor livestock keepers, by country and livestock production system. These maps and data are freely available for download via FAO's web pages: www.fao.org/AG/againfo/resources/en/glw/home.html. It is hoped that this publication will stimulate further work in this field and encourage the use of livestock production systems information and maps in research and analysis

Selectorate theory, the democratic peace, and public goods provision

We show that without a few peculiar modeling choices that are not justified by the core assumptions of the theory, selectorate theory neither unambiguously predicts the democratic peace nor that leaders of more inclusive regimes will rely upon the provision of public goods to remain in office, though they may be more likely to provide club goods. We illustrate these claims using relatively simple models that incorporate the core assumptions of their theory, while avoiding modeling choices we believe to be less appropriate. We argue for a revised version of selectorate theory, one that continues to emphasize the importance of the size of the winning coalition, yet we believe it provides a more realistic picture of democratic politics.</jats:p

Risk factors and functional abnormalities associated with adult onset secondary nocturnal enuresis in women

Aims The study aims to evaluate bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), risk factors, and associated functional abnormalities in women reporting adult onset secondary nocturnal enuresis (SNE), to help understand factors associated with SNE. Methods 12,795 women (age \u3e18) attending a tertiary referral centre underwent a comprehensive standardized evaluation including urodynamic testing in accordance with the International Continence Society recommendations. Records of all patients reporting bedwetting while asleep were evaluated under various categories. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify statistically significant risk factors and urodynamic findings associated with SNE. Results The prevalence of SNE in women undergoing urodynamic testing for bothersome LUTS was 14.4% (1,838). High BMI (OR = 1.47, P \u3c 0.001), cigarette smoking (OR = 2, P \u3c 0.001), antidepressant usage (OR = 1.8, P \u3c 0.001), neurological conditions (OR = 2.12, P \u3c 0.001), and previous hysterectomy (OR = 1.19, P = 0.03) were significantly associated with SNE. Women with SNE significantly complained of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms (OR = 1.65, P \u3c 0.001) and slightly higher mean nocturia episodes (OR = 1.38, P \u3c 0.0001). Low maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) (OR = 1.34, P \u3c 0.0001) and detrusor overactivity incontinence (DOI) (OR = 1.75, P \u3c 0.0001) were significantly associated with SNE. There was no significant association with the symptom of stress urinary incontinence (P = 0.264), urodynamic stress incontinence (P = 0.454) or detrusor overactivity (P = 0.231). Conclusion Women with adult SNE usually present with OAB symptoms. SNE is associated with high BMI, cigarette smoking, antidepressant use, and neurological conditions. DOI and a low MUCP are possible pathophysiological mechanisms in SNE. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:188–191, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

The Future of Soybean Aphid Management?

Since its arrival in 2000 to North America, soybean growers have a limited number of weapons to use against the soybean aphid. Although several insecticides are labeled for use against the soybean aphid, this is just one of the many tools that pest managers can use against any insect pest. I will describe efforts to improve upon this limited arsenal with brief summaries of research to develop biological control and host plant resistance against the soybean aphid

Acerca del tratamiento psicoanalítico

Se exponen las principales características del tratamiento psicoanalítico y las razones que llevan a un paciente a psicoanalizarse. Se despliegan y relacionan las nociones de conflicto psíquico, transferencia y encuadre, desde una concepción antropológica integradora y atendiendo a las dificultades que la práctica psicoanalítica debe sobrellevar pare efectivizarse.This paper exposes the main features of psychoanalytic treatment and the reasons that lead to a patient to psychoanalysis. It unfold and relate the notions of psychic conflict, transfer and framing, from an integrative anthropological conception and considering the difficulties that psychoanalytic practice must overcome to realized.Facultad de Psicologí