Role of Chemokines in Thyroid Cancer Microenvironment: Is CXCL8 the Main Player?

Tumor-related inflammation does influence the biological behavior of neoplastic cells and ultimately the patient's outcome. With specific regard to thyroid cancer, the issue of tumor-associated inflammation has been extensively studied and recently reviewed. However, the role of chemokines, which play a crucial role in determining the immuno-phenotype of tumor-related inflammation, was not addressed in previous reviews on the topic. Experimental evidence shows that thyroid cancer cells actively secrete a wide spectrum of chemokines and, at least for some of them, solid scientific data support a role for these immune-active molecules in the aggressive behavior of the tumor. Our proposal for a review article on chemokines and thyroid cancer stems from the notion that chemokines, besides having the ability to attract and maintain immune cells at the tumor site, also produce several pro-tumorigenic actions, which include proangiogenetic, cytoproliferative, and pro-metastatic effects. Studies taking into account the role of CCL15, C-X-C motif ligand 12, CXCL16, CXCL1, CCL20, and CCL2 in the context of thyroid cancer will be reviewed with particular emphasis on CXCL8. The reason for focusing on CXCL8 is that this chemokine is the most studied one in human malignancies, displaying multifaceted pro-tumorigenic effects. These include enhancement of tumor cells growth, metastatization, and angiogenesis overall contributing to the progression of several cancers including thyroid cancer. We aim at reviewing current knowledge on the (i) ability of both normal and tumor thyroid cells to secrete CXCL8; (ii) direct/indirect pro-tumorigenic effects of CXCL8 demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies specifically performed on thyroid cancer cells; and (iii) pharmacologic strategies proven to be effective for lowering CXCL8 secretion and/or its effects on thyroid cancer cells

Emergence of Convolvulaceae family species influenced by sowing depth in the soil and sugarcane straw cover

Em casa de vegetação, cinco experimentos foram desenvolvidos com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da profundidade de semeadura e da condição de cobertura do solo na emergência de plântulas de cinco espécies da família Convolvulaceae (Ipomoea hederifolia, I. nil, I. quamoclit, I. triloba e Merremia cissoides). Foi utilizada combinação fatorial entre quatro profundidades de semeadura (0, 20, 40 e 80 mm) e duas condições de solo (exposto ou coberto com palha de cana-de-açúcar em quantidade proporcional a 10 t ha-1), com delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso e quatro repetições. Foi realizada contagem diária do número de plântulas emersas e, ao final dos experimentos, calculou-se o índice de velocidade de emergência. Quanto à profundidade de semeadura no solo, maior emergência foi observada para as sementes que foram dispostas na superfície, tanto na presença quanto na ausência de palha. Considerando-se I. hederifolia e I. nil, não foi observado efeito da cobertura do solo, nem mesmo interação de profundidade e cobertura, sobre a emergência das espécies. Para I. quamoclit, observaram-se efeitos isolados da cobertura do solo e da profundidade de alocação das sementes, que indicaram maior adaptação da espécie para emergir em solo sem palhada superficial. Também para as espécies I. triloba e M. cissoides, a emergência foi inferior nas parcelas com palha distribuída na superfície do solo, quando comparadas àquelas sem palha, e, ainda, a presença de palha reduziu a velocidade de emergência e estabelecimento das plântulas.Five trials were developed under greenhouse conditions aiming to evaluate the influence of sowing depth and soil cover condition on seedling emergence of five Convolvulaceae family species (Ipomoea hederifolia, I. nil, I. quamoclit, I. triloba and Merremia cissoides). A factorial scheme was used for four sowing depths (0, 20, 40 and 80 mm) and two soil conditions (exposed or covered with sugarcane straw in an amount proportional to 10 t ha-1);arranged in a randomized block design and four replicates. Emerged seedlings were counted daily and, at the end of the trials, emergence index speed was calculated. Regarding soil-sowing depth, higher emergence was observed for seeds distributed on the soil surface, both in the presence and absence of straw. Considering emergence of I. hederifolia and I. nil, no soil cover nor even depth x cover interaction effects were observed. For I. quamoclit, isolated soil cover effects and seed distribution depth were observed, indicating better adaptability of the species to emerge in soil without the presence of straw on the surface. Also for the species I. triloba and M. cissoides, emergence was lower in the plots with straw on the soil surface, compared to those without straw. In addition, straw distributed on the soil surface reduced emergence speed and seedling establishment

Thyroid ultrasonography reporting: consensus of Italian Thyroid Association (AIT), Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE), Italian Society of Ultrasonography in Medicine and Biology (SIUMB) and Ultrasound Chapter of Italian Society of Medical Radiology (SIRM)

Thyroid ultrasonography (US) is the gold standard for thyroid imaging and its widespread use is due to an optimal spatial resolution for superficial anatomic structures, a low cost and the lack of health risks. Thyroid US is a pivotal tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of autoimmune thyroid diseases, for assessing nodule size and echostructure and defining the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules. The main limitation of US is the poor reproducibility, due to the variable experience of the operators and the different performance and settings of the equipments. Aim of this consensus statement is to standardize the report of thyroid US through the definition of common minimum requirements and a correct terminology. US patterns of autoimmune thyroid diseases are defined. US signs of malignancy in thyroid nodules are classified and scored in each nodule. We also propose a simplified nodule risk stratification, based on the predictive value of each US sign, classified and scored according to the strength of association with malignancy, but also to the estimated reproducibility among different operators

Estudo comparativo da administração de tramadol por via oral e intramuscular no controle da dor em cadelas após Ovariosalpingohisterectomia.

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas GeraisTrabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)O aumento significativo do número de animais abandonados nos centros urbanos tem gerado grande preocupação com a saúde pública por estarem diretamente envolvidos na transmissão de zoonoses. A esterilização cirúrgica é um dos principais métodos utilizados para o controle populacional, sendo a ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH) a técnica mais realizada em fêmeas. Em busca de promover melhor bem estar aos animais, é de extrema importância a utilização de protocolos que visem o controle da dor durante e após os procedimentos cirúrgicos, pois a presença da dor pode prolongar o tempo de recuperação do paciente, dentre outras desvantagens. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficácia da administração de tramadol por via oral e intramuscular no controle da dor em cadelas após a OSH. Foram realizadas a esterilizações em 10 cadelas, divididas em 2 grupos, contendo cinco animais cada, sendo o Grupo 1: com a administração de tramadol por via oral e Grupo 2 administração de tramadol por via intramuscular. Durante o pós operatório, os animais receberam as administrações, iniciadas em ambos os grupos, após 3h contadas do início do procedimento cirúrgico e depois à cada 6 horas após primeira aplicação; durante 48h. As análises da presença de dor foram realizadas em 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 36h e 48h após a OSH, por meio da utilização da escala de dor da Universidade de Melbourne, que avalia os parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamentais. Os animais de G1 obtiveram melhor analgesia nas seguintes avaliações: dilatação das pupilas, temperatura retal, estado mental, postura e vocalização, enquanto os de G2 obtiveram uma melhor analgesia nas avaliações da FC, FR, salivação e atividade. Os dois grupos demonstraram analgesia semelhante na resposta à palpação. Concluiu-se que tanto a administração de tramadol pela via oral, quanto pela via injetável foram eficazes no controle da dor pós operatória, entretanto ressalta-se a vantagem, praticidade e promoção de melhor bem estar do animal com a administração pela via oral

Effect of thyroglobulin autoantibodies on the metabolic clearance of serum thyroglobulin

Background: In order to establish whether thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) influence the metabolic clearance of thyroglobulin (Tg) in humans, serum Tg and TgAb were correlated shortly after radioiodine (131I) treatment. Methods: Samples were collected from 30 consecutive patients undergoing 131I activity for Graves' hyperthyroidism at the time of treatment and every 15 days thereafter, up to 90 days. Tg and TgAb were measured by immunometric assays (functional sensitivities: 0.1 ng/mL and 8 IU/mL). Results: Tg was detectable in all patients at day 0. Tg concentrations rose from a mean of 33.2 ng/mL [confidence interval (CI) 17.8–61.0 ng/mL] at day 0 to a mean of 214.6 ng/mL [CI 116.9–393.4 ng/mL] at day 30 and then steadily decreased, reaching the lowest concentration at day 90 (M = 10.9 ng/mL [CI 5.5–20.9 ng/mL]). Compared to their levels at day 0 (M = 23.6 IU/mL [CI 10.5–52.9 IU/mL]), TgAb remained stable through day 15 and then gradually increased up to a mean of 116.6 IU/mL [CI 51.9–262.2 IU/mL] at day 90. Patients were then split into two groups according to their TgAb status at day 0: undetectable (<8 IU/mL; 9 patients) or detectable (≥8 IU/mL; 21 patients) TgAb. Compared to the other cohort, patients with detectable TgAb showed significantly lower Tg concentrations at day 0 (M = 20.3 ng/mL [CI 10.1–40.2 ng/mL] vs. M = 101.8 ng/mL [CI 36.6–279.8 ng/mL]), similar at day 15, lower levels at day 30 (M = 146.5 ng/mL [CI 74.3–287.8 ng/mL] vs. M = 514.8 ng/mL [CI 187.8–1407.9 ng/mL]), at day 45 (M = 87.5 ng/mL [CI 43.1–176.6 ng/mL] vs. M = 337.9 ng/mL [CI 120.1–947.0 ng/mL]), at day 60 (M = 61.6 ng/mL [CI 31.0–121.4 ng/mL] vs. M = 255.8 ng/mL [CI 79.0–823.8 ng/mL]), and at day 75 (M = 24.5 ng/mL [CI 11.9–49.2 ng/mL] vs. M = 249.5 ng/mL [CI 63.5–971.1 ng/mL]), and similar levels at day 90. Patients with detectable TgAb showed a lower (M = 182.5 ng/mL [CI 92.0–361.0 ng/mL] vs. M = 514.8 ng/mL [CI 187.8–1407.9 ng/mL]) and an earlier (day 15 vs. day 30) peak of Tg. The mean Tg concentration was lower in patients with detectable TgAb than in those with undetectable TgAb (area under the curve: 17,340 ± 16,481 ng/mL vs. 36,883 ± 44,625 ng/mL; p = 0.02). Conclusions: TgAb influence the changes in Tg concentrations observed immediately after 131I treatment, inducing lower levels and an earlier peak of Tg. These observations indicate that TgAb significantly influence the metabolic clearance of Tg, supporting the concept that their interference in the measurement of Tg is mainly due to an in vivo effect

Autoimmune thyroid diseases in patients treated with alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis: An example of selective anti-TSH-receptor immune response

Alemtuzumab, a humanized anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, is approved for the treatment of active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Alemtuzumab induces a rapid and prolonged depletion of lymphocytes from the circulation, which results in a profound immuno-suppression status followed by an immune reconstitution phase. Secondary to reconstitution autoimmune diseases represent the most common side effect of Alemtuzumab treatment. Among them, Graves' disease (GD) is the most frequent one with an estimated prevalence ranging from 16.7 to 41.0% of MS patients receiving Alemtuzumab. Thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (R)-reactive B cells are typically observed in GD and eventually present this autoantigen to T-cells, which, in turn, secrete several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Given that reconstitution autoimmunity is more frequently characterized by autoantibody-mediated diseases rather than by destructive Th1-mediated disorders, it is not surprising that GD is the most commonly reported side effect of Alemtuzumab treatment in patients with MS. On the other hand, immune reconstitution GD was not observed in a large series of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with Alemtuzumab. This negative finding supports the view that patients with MS are intrinsically more at risk for developing Alemtuzumab-related thyroid dysfunctions and in particular of GD. From a clinical point of view, Alemtuzumab-induced GD is characterized by a surprisingly high rate of remission, both spontaneous and after antithyroid drugs, as well as by a spontaneous shift to hypothyroidism, which is supposed to result from a change from stimulating to blocking TSH-receptor antibodies. These immune and clinical peculiarities support the concept that antithyroid drugs should be the first-line treatment in Alemtuzumab-induced Graves' hyperthyroidism

VILLA BONIN NIEVO [Material gráfico]

VICENZA (ITALIA)Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, 201

the new frontiers of rehabilitation medicine in people with chronic disabling illnesses

Abstract Because of the demographic shift and the increased proportion of patients surviving acute critical illnesses, the number of people living with severely disabling chronic diseases and, consequently, the demand for rehabilitation are expected to increase sharply over time. As underscored by the World Health Organization, there is substantial evidence that the provision of inpatient rehabilitation in specialized rehabilitation units to people with complex needs is effective in fostering functional recovery, improving health-related quality of life, increasing independence, reducing institutionalization rate, and improving prognosis. Recent studies in the real world setting reinforce the evidence that patients with ischemic heart disease or stroke benefit from rehabilitation in terms of improved prognosis. In addition, there is evidence of the effectiveness of rehabilitation for the prevention of functional deterioration in patients with complex and/or severe chronic diseases. Given this evidence of effectiveness, rehabilitation should be regarded as an essential part of the continuum of care. Nonetheless, rehabilitation still is underdeveloped and underused. Efforts should be devoted to foster healthcare professional awareness of the benefits of rehabilitation and to increase referral and participation

Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in thyroid diseased patients.

Several studies have underlined the high prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and disorders in thyroid diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in 93 inpatients affected by different thyroid diseases during their lifetimes, by means of a standardized instrument, i.e., the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised, Upjohn Version (SCID-UP-R). The results showed higher rates of panic disorder, simple phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and cyclothymia in thyroid patients than in the general population. These findings would suggest that the co-occurrence of psychiatric and thyroid diseases may be the result of common biochemical abnormalities