7 research outputs found

    T-Duality and Penrose limits of spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous cosmologies

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    Penrose limits of inhomogeneous cosmologies admitting two abelian Killing vectors and their abelian T-duals are found in general. The wave profiles of the resulting plane waves are given for particular solutions. Abelian and non-abelian T-duality are used as solution generating techniques. Furthermore, it is found that unlike in the case of abelian T-duality, non-abelian T-duality and taking the Penrose limit are not commutative procedures.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures. Discussion on non-abelian T-duality expande

    Florística e estrutura de comunidades vegetais em uma cronoseqüência de Floresta Atlântica no Estado do Paraná, Brasil Floristics and structure of plant communities along a chronosequence in the Atlantic Rain Forest of Paraná State, Brazil

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    Descrevemos a estrutura do estrato arbóreo de três sítios de Floresta Atlântica no litoral do Paraná, objetivando detectar diferenças estruturais gerais e nas populações ao longo do processo sucessional, visando subsidiar futuros planos de recomposição da vegetação. O estudo foi realizado na Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira, onde foram escolhidos três sítios, cujos históricos indicavam a ocorrência de corte da vegetação há 20 anos, 80 anos e 120 anos. O sítio com 20 anos apresentou os menores valores de riqueza, diversidade, área basal e volume. O sítio com 80 anos apresentou os maiores valores de densidade e riqueza. No sítio com 120 anos foi observado o maior valor de diversidade, equabilidade e volume. Observaram-se algumas diferenças significativas, em termos de diversidade, área basal e volume entre os sítios em diferentes estádios. Comparações das estruturas de populações de espécies que ocorriam em mais de um sítio não mostraram grandes diferenças. Por outro lado, as características das espécies exclusivas de cada sítio influenciaram nas diferenças observadas nos três sítios.<br>We describe the tree structure of three Atlantic Forest fragments on the coast of Paraná, in order to detect differences in community structure throughout the succession process and to support future vegetation restoration projects. The study area was the Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira, where three sites were chosen based on length of time since the last manmade disturbance (mostly agriculture and lodging); these were, respectively, 20-, 80- and 120-year-old forests. The 20-year-old forest had the lowest richness, diversity, basal area and volume. The 80-year-old forest had the highest density and richness. The 120-year-old forest had the highest diversity, equitability and volume. Diversity, basal area and volume were significantly different among the three sites. There were no important differences among structures of populations of species shared by the three areas. On the other hand, structural characteristics of exclusive species were important to determine differences among sites

    Bacterial chitobiase structure provides insight into catalytic mechanism and the basis of Tay–Sachs disease

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    Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide on earth, is degraded by chitinases and chitobiases. The structure of Serratia marcescens chitobiase has been refined at 1.9 A resolution. The mature protein is folded into four domains and its active site is situated at the C-terminal end of the central (beta alpha)8-barrel. Based on the structure of the complex with the substrate disaccharide chitobiose, we propose an acid-base reaction mechanism, in which only one protein carboxylate acts as catalytic acid, while the nucleophile is the polar acetamido group of the sugar in a substrate-assisted reaction. The structural data lead to the hypothesis that the reaction proceeds with retention of anomeric configuration. The structure allows us to model the catalytic domain of the homologous hexosaminidases to give a structural rationale to pathogenic mutations that underlie Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease

    Nutrientes foliares de espécies arbóreas de três estádios sucessionais de floresta ombrófila densa no sul do Brasil Leaf nutrient content of tree species from three successional stages of tropical rain forest in south Brazil

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    As concentrações de macro e micronutrientes foliares de espécies arbóreas foram avaliadas em três estádios sucessionais (inicial, intermediário e avançado) de uma floresta ombrófila densa das terras baixas, no litoral do Estado do Paraná, crescendo sobre solo arenoso e oligotrófico. Dentre as espécies arbóreas mais importantes de cada estádio sucessional (quatro iniciais; oito intermediárias; 11 avançadas), coletou-se folhas maduras de cinco diferentes indivíduos de cada estádio sucessional para a análise química dos seguintes elementos: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, C, Zn, Fe, Cu e Mn. As espécies do estádio inicial possuem as menores concentrações médias foliares de N, P, K, Zn, Fe e a maior concentração de Mg e estas concentrações são estatisticamente diferentes (p <0,05), quando comparadas com os valores médios dos demais estádios. Nos estádios intermediário e avançado, as concentrações médias de N, Ca e Mg, assim como os micronutrientes estão dentro dos valores esperados para florestas tropicais. As concentrações médias de K, nos estádios inicial e intermediário, e as concentrações médias de P, em todos os estádios, encontram-se abaixo dos valores reportados para as florestas tropicais. A relação C/N é alta (>25:1), apesar da tendência de diminuir à medida que avança a sucessão. O aumento da concentração da maioria dos nutrientes foliares analisados ao longo do gradiente sucessional está associado, possivelmente, com o incremento do acúmulo da serapilheira sobre o solo, o que proporciona ciclagem de nutrientes mais intensa e maiores concentrações de nutrientes no solo.<br>We investigated the leaf nutrient content of trees species from three distinct successional stages (early, intermediate, late) of a lowland rain forest located near the coast of Paraná State, Brazil. This forest grows on sandy soil with low nutrient content. We collected mature leaves from five different individuals of each sucessional stages of the most important tree species of each successional stage (four of the early; eight of the intermediate and 11 of the late stages) for chemical analysis of following elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, C, Zn, Fe, Cu e Mn. The species from early sucessional stage have lower contents of N, P, K, Zn, Fe, and higher contents of Mg. These concentrations are statistically different (p <0,05) when compared to mean values of the other stages. For the intermediate and late successional stages, the average nutrient concentrations of N, Ca, Mg and micronutrients are within the range of values expected for tropical forests. Foliar K concentration, from early and intermediate successional stages, and foliar P concentration, for all successional stages, are below the reported range of values for tropical forests. The C/N ratio is high (>25:1), despite of the tendency to decrease as succession advances. The increment of concentration of the most studied foliar nutrients along the successional gradient is probably related to the accumulation of litter above the soil that provides a more adequate environment for efficient nutrient cycling and higher nutrient concentration in the soil

    Coca and Poppy Eradication in Colombia: Environmental and Human Health Assessment of Aerially Applied Glyphosate

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    EpidemIBD: rationale and design of a large-scale epidemiological study of inflammatory bowel disease in Spain

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