35 research outputs found
Endometrial apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration during menstruation exhibits spatial and temporal dynamics that are recapitulated in a mouse model.
Abstract Menstruation is characterised by synchronous shedding and restoration of tissue integrity. An in vivo model of menstruation is required to investigate mechanisms responsible for regulation of menstrual physiology and to investigate common pathologies such as heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). We hypothesised that our mouse model of simulated menstruation would recapitulate the spatial and temporal changes in the inflammatory microenvironment of human menses. Three regulatory events were investigated: cell death (apoptosis), neutrophil influx and cytokine/chemokine expression. Well-characterised endometrial tissues from women were compared with uteri from a mouse model (tissue recovered 0, 4, 8, 24 and 48âh after removal of a progesterone-secreting pellet). Immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) revealed significantly increased staining in human endometrium from late secretory and menstrual phases. In mice, CC3 was significantly increased at 8 and 24âh post-progesterone-withdrawal. Elastase+ human neutrophils were maximal during menstruation; Ly6G+ mouse neutrophils were maximal at 24âh. Human endometrial and mouse uterine cytokine/chemokine mRNA concentrations were significantly increased during menstrual phase and 24âh post-progesterone-withdrawal respectively. Data from dated human samples revealed time-dependent changes in endometrial apoptosis preceding neutrophil influx and cytokine/chemokine induction during active menstruation. These dynamic changes were recapitulated in the mouse model of menstruation, validating its use in menstrual research
Hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor-1α are required for normal endometrial repair during menstruation
About a quarter of pre-menopausal women will suffer from heavy menstrual bleeding in their lives. Here, Maybin and colleagues show hypoxia and subsequent activation of HIF-1α during menses are required for normal endometrial repair, and identify pharmacological stabilisation of HIF-1α as a potential therapeutic strategy for this debilitating condition
Evidence for a dynamic role for mononuclear phagocytes during endometrial repair and remodelling
Uterine Epithelial Cell Regulation of DC-SIGN Expression Inhibits Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Trans Infection by Immature Dendritic Cells
Sexual transmission accounts for the majority of HIV-1 infections. In over 75% of cases, infection is initiated by a single variant (transmitted/founder virus). However, the determinants of virus selection during transmission are unknown. Host cell-cell interactions in the mucosa may be critical in regulating susceptibility to infection. We hypothesized in this study that specific immune modulators secreted by uterine epithelial cells modulate susceptibility of dendritic cells (DC) to infection with HIV-1.Here we report that uterine epithelial cell secretions (i.e. conditioned medium, CM) decreased DC-SIGN expression on immature dendritic cells via a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ÎČ) mechanism. Further, CM inhibited dendritic cell-mediated trans infection of HIV-1 expressing envelope proteins of prototypic reference. Similarly, CM inhibited trans infection of HIV-1 constructs expressing envelopes of transmitted/founder viruses, variants that are selected during sexual transmission. In contrast, whereas recombinant TGF- ÎČ1 inhibited trans infection of prototypic reference HIV-1 by dendritic cells, TGF-ÎČ1 had a minimal effect on trans infection of transmitted/founder variants irrespective of the reporter system used to measure trans infection.Our results provide the first direct evidence for uterine epithelial cell regulation of dendritic cell transmission of infection with reference and transmitted/founder HIV-1 variants. These findings have immediate implications for designing strategies to prevent sexual transmission of HIV-1
Regulation of endometrial regeneration; mechanisms contributing to repair and restoration of tissue integrity following menses
The human endometrium is a dynamic, multi-cellular tissue that lines the inside of the
uterine cavity. During a womanâs reproductive lifespan the endometrium is subjected to
cyclical episodes of proliferation, angiogenesis, differentiation/decidualisation, shedding
(menstruation), repair and regeneration in response to fluctuating levels of oestrogen and
progesterone secreted by the ovaries. The endometrium displays unparalleled, tightly
regulated, tissue remodelling resulting in a healed, scar-free tissue following menses or
parturition. Mechanisms responsible for initiation of menses have been well documented:
following progesterone withdrawal there is an increase in inflammatory mediators, focal
hypoxia and induction and activation of matrix-degrading enzymes. In contrast, the
molecular and cellular changes responsible for rapid, regulated, tissue repair at a time when
oestrogen and progesterone are low are poorly understood.
Histological studies using human menstrual phase endometrium have revealed that tissue
destruction and shedding occur in close proximity to re-epithelialisation/repair. It has been
proposed that re-epithelialisation involves proliferation of glandular epithelial cells in the
remaining basal compartment; there is also evidence for a contribution from the underlying
stroma. A role for androgens in the regulation of apoptosis of endometrial stromal cells has
been proposed but the impact of androgens on tissue repair has not been investigated. Studies
using human xenografts and primates have been used to model some aspects of the impact of
progesterone withdrawal but simultaneous shedding (menses) and repair have not been
modelled in mice; the species of choice for translational biomedical research.
In the course of the studies described in this thesis, the following aims have been addressed:
1. To establish a model of menses in the mouse which mimics menses in women,
namely; simultaneous breakdown and repair, overt menstruation, immune cell
influx, tissue necrosis and re-epithelialisation.
2. To use this model to determine if the stromal cell compartment contributes to
endometrial repair.
3. To examine the impact of androgens on the regulation of menses (shedding) and
repair.
An informative mouse model of endometrial breakdown that was characterised by overt
menses, as well as rapid repair, was developed. Immunohistological evidence for extensive
tissue remodelling including active angiogenesis, transient hypoxia, epithelial cell-specific
proliferation and re-epithelialisation were obtained by examining uterine tissues recovered
during an âearly window of breakdown and repairâ (4 to 24 hours after progesterone
withdrawal). Novel data included identification of stromal cells that expressed epithelial cell
markers, close to the luminal surface following endometrial shedding, suggesting a role for
mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) in re-epithelialisation of the endometrium. In
support of this idea, array and qRTPCR analyses revealed dynamic changes in expression of
mRNAs encoded by genes known to be involved in MET during the window of breakdown
and repair. Roles for hypoxia and tissue-resident macrophages in breakdown and tissue
remodelling were identified.
Treatment of mice with dihydrotestosterone to mimic concentrations of androgens circulated
in women at the time of menses had an impact on the timing and duration of endometrial
breakdown. Array analysis revealed altered expression of genes implicated in MET and
angiogenesis/inflammation highlighting a potential, previously unrecognised role for
androgens in regulation of tissue turnover during menstruation.
In summary, using a newly refined mouse model new insights were obtained, implicating
androgens and stromal MET in restoration of endometrial tissue homeostasis during
menstruation. These findings may inform development of new treatments for disorders
associated with aberrant repair such as heavy menstrual bleeding and endometriosis
A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)
Meeting abstrac
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation Can Normalize Thyroid Function in a Cystinosis Mouse Model.
A mouse model suggests two mechanisms for thyroid alterations in infantile cystinosis: decreased thyroglobulin synthesis due to endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response and impaired lysosomal processing.
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A mouse model suggests two mechanisms for thyroid alterations in infantile cystinosis: decreased thyroglobulin synthesis due to endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response and impaired lysosomal processing.
Thyroid hormones are released from thyroglobulin (Tg) in lysosomes, which are impaired in infantile/nephropathic cystinosis. Cystinosis is a lysosomal cystine storage disease due to defective cystine exporter, cystinosin. Cystinotic children develop subclinical and then overt hypothyroidism. Why hypothyroidism is the most frequent and earliest endocrine complication of cystinosis is unknown. We here defined early alterations in Ctns(-/-) mice thyroid and identified subcellular and molecular mechanisms. At 9 months, T4 and T3 plasma levels were normal and TSH was moderately increased (âŒ4-fold). By histology, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of most follicles preceded colloid exhaustion. Increased immunolabeling for thyrocyte proliferation and apoptotic shedding indicated accelerated cell turnover. Electron microscopy revealed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dilation, apical lamellipodia indicating macropinocytic colloid uptake, and lysosomal cystine crystals. Tg accumulation in dilated ER contrasted with mRNA down-regulation. Increased expression of ER chaperones, glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa and protein disulfide isomerase, associated with alternative X-box binding protein-1 splicing, revealed unfolded protein response (UPR) activation by ER stress. Decreased Tg mRNA and ER stress suggested reduced Tg synthesis. Coordinated increase of UPR markers, activating transcription factor-4 and C/EBP homologous protein, linked ER stress to apoptosis. Hormonogenic cathepsins were not altered, but lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 immunolabeling disclosed enlarged vesicles containing iodo-Tg and impaired lysosomal fusion. Isopycnic fractionation showed iodo-Tg accumulation in denser lysosomes, suggesting defective lysosomal processing and hormone release. In conclusion, Ctns(-/-) mice showed the following alterations: 1) compensated primary hypothyroidism and accelerated thyrocyte turnover; 2) impaired Tg production linked to ER stress/UPR response; and 3) altered endolysosomal trafficking and iodo-Tg processing. The Ctns(-/-) thyroid is useful to study disease progression and evaluate novel therapies