Chancery Procedure and the Seventh Amendment: Jury Trial of Issues in Equity Cases before 1791

There is some evidence that courts of equity in the eighteenth centuryand before, and in the early part of the nineteenth century, reliedon procedures involving jury trial to determine disputed questions offact. Because the evidence is modest it suggests rather than demonstratesthe validity of the inferences that may be drawn from it. At thesame time these inferences may be significant in assessing the constitutionalposition of jury trial in this country

Sobre la creación de fronteras. El caso de La Española y las guerras del reinado de Carlos II, 1673-1697

The central purpose of this article is to analyze the military events in the Hispaniola island in the course of the main conflicts of the reign of Carlos II, between 1673 and 1697. Unlike other borders of the Spanish monarchy, both in Europe and the Indies, where the monarchy showed its military weakness, in Hispaniola, especially between 1690 and 1695, the victory over the French forces present in the island was clear, but not definitive. So much so, that in the peace of Ryswick of 1697 was finished by officially cede sovereignty to France of the western portion of the island.El propósito central de este artículo es analizar los acontecimientos, sobre todo de tipo militar, vividos en La Española en el transcurso de los principales conflictos del reinado de Carlos II, entre 1673 y 1697. A diferencia de otras fronteras de la Monarquía Hispánica, tanto en Europa como en las Indias, donde esta mostró una clara debilidad militar, en La Española, sobre todo entre 1690 y 1695, se produjo una cierta reacción bélica positiva, aunque de reducido alcance. Tanto es así, que en la paz de Ryswick de 1697 se terminó por ceder oficialmente la soberanía a Francia de la porción occidental de la isla

Natural gaits of the non-pathological flat foot and high-arched foot

There has been a controversy as to whether or not the non-pathological flat foot and high-arched foot have an effect on human walking activities. The 3D foot scanning system was employed to obtain static footprints from subjects adopting a half-weight-bearing stance. Based upon their footprints, the subjects were divided into two groups: the flat-footed and the high-arched. The plantar pressure measurement system was used to measure and record the subjects' successive natural gaits. Two indices were proposed: distribution of vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) of plantar and the rate of the footprint areas. Using these two indices to compare the natural gaits of the two subject groups, we found that (1) in stance phase, there is a significant difference (p<0.01) in the distributions of VGRF of plantar; (2) in a stride cycle, there is also a significant difference (p<0.01) in the rates of the footprint areas. Our analysis suggests that when walking, the VGRF of the plantar brings greater muscle tension to the flat-footed while a smaller rate of the footprint areas brings greater stability to the high-arched.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Cornposting Converts Waste Into Valuable Resources

Rural and urban communities and farms have at least one problem in common: the accumulation of various organic wastes. Farms produce wastes such as animal manures, and crop residues such as straw, corn cobs, hay stack bottoms and spoiled silage. In Nebraska\u27s towns and cities, the organic wastes include sewage sludge, paunch manure from slaughter houses, and garbage originating from household foods and paper. Some of these organic wastes are associated with the nuisances of flies, odors and dust. Fresh animal manures, paunch manure, sewage sludge and garbage are favorite breeding places for flies. Flies are attracted to odors and moisture. As these wastes dry and become free of odors, they do not attract flies and are no longer breeding places. Many large communities bury their garbage and sewage sludge wastes in landfills. This is a costly burden to taxpayers that can result in ground water contamination. Accumulations of dry manure in feedlots or animal confinement facilities results in serious dust problems

G79-464 Composting Municipal Sewage Sludge Slurry

Municipalities can save operating expenses, eliminate pollution problems and increase the convenience of their waste management program by recycling their sewage sludge slurry in agricultural soils. Sewage sludge slurries have from 2 to 10-percent solids depending on the treatment plant design and operation procedures. Sewage slurries with more than 8 percent solids are difficult to pump because of high friction in the pipe lines and pump mechanism. Sewage slurries can be applied to agricultural fields by gravity flow and sprinkler irrigation systems, as well as by tank trucks that either broadcast spray on, or inject the slurry into, the soil. The direct application of sewage involves the handling or transportation of large quantities of water. This is a seasonal activity at best that cannot be carried out during the winter, during rainy periods or when agricultural practices conflict with sludge slurry applications

Taking the Plunge: How Aquariums Can Help Build a Public Constituency for the Ocean

It is widely accepted that America’s oceans are in crisis. They face a barrage of daily threats including habitat degradation, overfishing, and increased run-off from coastal development. However, progress instituting and implementing conservation solutions has been stymied by a lack of public involvement and pressure for conservation measures. Aquariums are uniquely positioned to help build a broad, nationwide public constituency for marine conservation. With millions of visitors each year, aquariums can leverage their educational, entertainment and authority brand to support conservation education, action and policy. Drawing on case studies of three institutions – the Monterey Bay Aquarium, the New England Aquarium and the Seattle Aquarium – the purpose of this study is to evaluate challenges and opportunities associated with expanding aquarium conservation programs to promote personal and civic oriented actions aimed at protecting marine resources. The results indicate that while each aquarium has established its conservation niche, other aquariums can follow suit by: 1) focusing their exhibits, education and outreach on a specific biophysical environment; 2) collaborating with a diverse range of academic, scientific and advocacy organizations; 3) formally participating in the governmental process responsible for establishing and implementing State and Federal ocean policy; and 4) recognizing and celebrating the historic legacy of human uses of the marine environment as a way to connect people to and inspire protection of the ocean. These four elements have allowed the Monterey Bay Aquarium, New England Aquarium and the Seattle Aquarium to begin building a public constituency for the ocean. It is time for other aquariums to take the plunge