मत्स्यबीजाचा संग्रह, वाहतूक व संचयन

The collection of seeds from the wild is the main source to obtain the stocking material for the cage. This can be carried out when the seed production cost is very high or where the availability of seed from nature is in large quantity. It is important to know the biology of the fish species either to duplicate reproductive condition on the farm or to know when and where to collect the fish. The artificially produced seeds in the hatchery are used widely in cage culture practice all over the world to avoid depletion of stock in the wild. The transportation of the seeds to the culture site plays an important role as maximum mortality occurs during this process because of change in metabolic pattern of the fish due to stress. The appropriate quantity of seeds should be stocked in each cage for obtaining good production. This chapter mainly deals with all these aspects in detail

Behaviour of viruses in biosolids

Biosolids refers to the stabilized sewage sludge produced in wastewater treatment which is destined for beneficial purposes as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. In addition to nutrients and organic matter, biosolids may contain pathogens including bacteria, viruses, helminths and parasites. The current Victorian guidelines to produce T1 treatment grade biosolids (unrestricted use) require the sludge to be stored for a minimum of three years after the pan drying process to ensure destruction of pathogens. This long term storage is associated with problems such as loss of nutrients in biosolids management costs incurred in maintaining stockpiles of sludge and increased greenhouse gas emissions from the stockpiles. This study evaluates whether microbiological criteria with respect to viruses can be achieved with a shorter treatment time. This data will be provided to regulatory authorities prior to their revision of current Victorian guidelines. In this study, adenovirus was chosen as indicator pathogen for enteric viruses. Primary objectives of this project include: (i) development of standard qPCR method for the detection of adenovirus in sewage sludge, (ii) determining the treatment time required by adenoviruses to achieve prescribed microbiological criteria through laboratory simulation of pan drying and stockpiling processes of sludge collected from both metropolitan and regional wastewater treatment systems (iii) finding the levels of human adenobirus 41 (HAdV 41) in metropolitan sludge at different stages of the treatment process (output from mesophilic anaerobic digester, drying pans of different ages) and regional sludge treatment systems (lagoon sludge) in Victoria. These studies will be used to determine whether adenviruses could serve as better indicator organisms than coliphages in biosolids treatment

Diuretic activity of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Sphaeranthus indicus linn in albino rats

Background: Sphaeranthus indicus Linn (S. indicus Linn) is a medicinal plant widely used in Indian traditional system of medicine for treating various ailments. The aim of the study was to evaluate diuretic activity by Lipschitz method in albino rats.Methods: Thirty albino rats were grouped into five groups and each contained six rats. Group I (control group) received 25ml/kg each of 0.9% sodium chloride orally. Group II (standard) received Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg/kg orally dissolved in isotonic normal saline. Groups III, IV and V received ethanolic extracts of S. indicus Linn in doses 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg respectively dissolved in isotonic saline orally. The mice were put in metabolic cages and urine samples were collected for all the groups up to 24 hours after dosing. Urine was analysed for volume, urinary excretion ratio, diuretic activity, sodium and potassium composition electrolytes. Data was analysed using SPSS version 16 for windows.Results: Single dose administration of S. indicus in doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/Kg as compared to Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/kg)have significantly (p<0.001, ANOVA) increased total urine output along with an increase in concentration of sodium and potassium. S. indicus Linn 300 mg/Kg produced greater diuretic activity, which is comparable to the effect of standard.Conclusions: The extract treated rats showed a dose dependent increase in urine volume. Maximum diuretic and kaliuretic activity were observed at the dose of 300 mg/kg of the extract. The present study supports and confirms the basis for folklore use of S. indicus Linn as a diuretic agent

Formulation and evaluation of osmotic drug delivery system of ibuprofen

The authors are thankful to Mr.S.Sriram Ashok B.E, Correspondent, Sankaralingam Bhuvaneswari College of Pharmacy, Anaikuttam, Sivakasi, for providing necessary facilities to carry out the work.Aim: The present work was aimed to formulate and evaluate osmotic pump delivery system of Ibuprofen to provide a uniform concentration of drug at the absorption site and thereby maintain the plasma concentration within therapeutic range, which minimizes side effects and reduces the frequency of administration. Material and Methods: In the present work, 5 formulations (F1 to F5)of Ibuprofen osmotic drug delivery systems(ODDS) were prepared using two osmogens (NaCl and KCL) in two concentrations and a control F6 (without osmogens) by wet granulation technique. The excipients used in this study did not alter physicochemical properties of the drug, as tested by FTIR. Prior to compression, the prepared granules were evaluated for flow and compression characteristics. After compression, the tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, percentage of weight gain, drug content, in vitro release and stability studies. Results: The results revealed that the pre-compression and post-compression parameters are within the limits. Among all the formulations, F3 showed a controlled drug release of 63.54% at the end of 10th hour. The results of optimized formulation (F3) subjected to stability studies for 60 days at 27º±2ºC/60 ± 5% RH and 50º±2ºC/75 ± 5% RH showed that there was no significant change in the drug content and percentage drug release and the product was stable even after 2 months. Conclusions: From the study, it was concluded that Ibuprofen osmotic pump tablet prepared with potassium chloride (10%) as osmogent and cellulose acetate as coating polymer may be considered as a suitable alternative to currently available formulations of Ibuprofen.Objetivos: El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido formular y evaluar el sistema de suministro de ibuprofeno mediante bomba osmótica para proporcionar una concentración uniforme de fármaco en el sitio de absorción y por lo tanto mantener la concentración plasmática dentro del intervalo terapéutico, lo que minimiza los efectos secundarios y reduce la frecuencia de administración. Material y Métodos: En el presente trabajo, 5 formulaciones (F1 a F5) de sistemas de administración de ibuprofeno osmótico (odds) se prepararon utilizando dos osmoagentes (NaCl y KCl) en dos concentraciones y un control (F6) (sin osmoagentes) por la técnica de granulación en húmedo. Los excipientes utilizados en este estudio no alteran las propiedades fisicoquímicas del fármaco, según lo testado por FTIR. Antes de la compresión, los gránulos preparados se evaluaron para la fluidez y la compresión. Después de la compresión, los comprimidos se evaluaron para la dureza, espesor, variación de peso, la friabilidad, el porcentaje de ganancia de peso, contenido de fármaco, la liberación in vitro y estudios de estabilidad. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron que los parámetros pre y post-compresión están dentro de los límites. Entre todas las formulaciones, F3 mostró una liberación controlada de fármacos de 63,54% al final de la décima hora. Los resultados de formulación optimizada (F3) sometido a estudios de estabilidad durante 60 días a 27º ± 2 °C/60 ± 5% HR y 50±2 °C/75 ± 5% HR mostraron que no hubo ningún cambio significativo en el contenido de fármaco y el porcentaje de liberación del fármaco y el producto fue estable incluso después de 2 meses. Conclusiones: En el estudio, se llegó a la conclusión de que la tableta de bomba osmótica ibuprofeno preparado con cloruro de potasio (10%) como osmoagente y acetato de celulosa como el polímero de revestimiento puede ser considerado como una alternativa adecuada actualmente disponibles para la formulaciones de ibuprofeno.Fund granted by College management and the research work was approved for the award of Degree of Master of pharmacy by The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University, Chennai, Indi

3D-printing: An emerging and a revolutionary technology in pharmaceuticals

© 2018 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA. One of the novel and progressive technology employed in pharmaceutical manufacturing, design of medical device and tissue engineering is three-dimensional (3D) printing. 3D printing technologies provide great advantages in 3D scaffolds fabrication over traditional methods in the control of pore size, porosity, and interconnectivity. Various techniques of 3D-printing include powder bed fusion, fused deposition modeling, binder deposition, inkjet printing, photopolymerization and many others which are still evolving. 3D-printing technique been employed in developing immediate release products, various systems to deliver multiple release modalities etc. 3D printing has opened the door for new generation of customized drug delivery with built-in flexibility for safer and effective therapy. Our mini-review provides a quick snapshot on an overview of 3D printing, various techniques employed, applications and its advancements in pharmaceutical sciences

The assessment of finger photoplethysmography fitness index (PPGF) among young men with cardiovascular disease risk factors: a cross sectional study

Two new vascular health markers which are derived from finger photoplethysmography (PPG) waveform have been introduced based on Malaysian population, namely PPG fitness index (PPGF) and vascular risk prediction index (VRPI). The objectives of this study were to investigate the associations between PPGF and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers such as carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (PWVCF), to compare PPGF between those with and without CVD risk factors and to determine the sensitivity of VRPI in identifying young subjects with CVD risk factors. A total of 114 men age 20 to 40 yrs with and without CVD risk factors were recruited. Risk factors included hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and family history of premature CVD. Subjects were divided into healthy, those with one risk factor and those with at least two risk factors. Their weight, height, peripheral and central blood pressure (BP), PWVCF and PPGF were measured and the sensitivity of VRPI in predicting subjects with CVD risk factor was calculated. Data was analyzed via SPSS version 15 and p 0.05). The independent variables for PPGF were forward pressure (Beta = 0.35, p < 0.01), PWVCF (Beta = -0.26, p < 0.01), systolic BP (Beta = -0.26, p = 0.04) and height (Beta = 0.24, p < 0.01). The sensitivity of VRPI was 82.02%. In conclusion, PPGF was correlated to PWVCF and may be a potential marker of arterial stiffness. In addition, VRPI is sensitive to be used as an early screening of CVD risk factors

Points of Interest Coverage with Connectivity Constraints using Wireless Mobile Sensors

Part 7: Network Topology ConfigurationInternational audienceThe coverage of Points of Interest (PoI) is a classical requirement in mobile wireless sensor applications. Optimizing the sensors self-deployment over a PoI while maintaining the connectivity between the sensors and the sink is thus a fundamental issue. This article addresses the problem of autonomous deployment o f mobile sensors that need to cover a predefined PoI with a connectivity constraints and provides the solution to it using Relative Neighborhood Graphs (RNG). Our deployment scheme minimizes the number of sensors used for connectivity thus increasing the number of monitoring sensors. Analytical results, simulation results and real implementation are provided to show the efficiency of our algorithm

Marine climate and fisheries scenario of Maharashtra Climcard-4

Marine climate and fisheries scenario of Maharashtra Climcard-