Spanish validation of the locus of control questionnaire in sport for children

El locus de control ha sido estudiado en el deporte, sin embargo no existía un instrumento válido para evaluarlo en deporte infantil. Este estudio lleva a cabo la validación española del Children´s Sport Locus of Control Scale (CSLCS) que desarrollaron Tsai y Hsieh (2015). La adaptación presenta dos fases: una primera exploratoria con 248 niños entre 7 y 16 años para observar el comportamiento cualitativo de los ítems; y una segunda con 221 deportistas entre 8 y 22 años en la que se modificó el cuestionario para ajustarlo a los resultados obtenidos. Se obtiene una escala final de 10 ítems, con 5 ítems por dimensión (interna y externa), que presenta un ajuste adecuado. Los resultados demuestran que la versión española de la escala posee cualidades psicométricas adecuadas para ser utilizada en la investigación y la práctica aplicada en la evaluación deportiva infantilLocus of control has been studied in the sport context, however there was no valid instrument to evaluate it in children's sport. This study adapts into Spanish and validates the Children's Locus of Control Scale for Sport (CSLCS) in the Spanish language. This CSLCS was developed by Tsai y Hsieh (2015). The adaptation has two phases: an initial screening of 248 children between the ages of 7 and 16 to observe the qualitative behavior of the items; and a second one with 221 athletes with children between the ages of 8 and 22 in which the questionnaire was modified to fit the results. A final 10-item scale was obtained, with 5 items per dimension (internal and external), which presents an adequate fit. Results show that the Spanish version of the scale possesses adequate psychometric qualities for its use in research and applied fields in child´s sport evaluatio

Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale by sexual orientation

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) has shown strong evidence of reliability, validity, and gender invariance, and there is some evidence of invariance across age, culture, and educational levels. So far, invariance across sexual orientation has not been studied, despite the number of works that relate well-being to sexual orientation. The SWLS should be invariant across sexual orientation to be able to compare group means. This study aimed to explore the invariance of the SWLS across sexual orientation. A non-probabilistic sample with 553 Spanish adults (208 males, 345 females; 212 heterosexuals, 182 gays, and 138 bisexuals among other sexual orientations) participated in a survey. We tested a one-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis. We tested the configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the factorial structure of the SWLS across sexual orientation with heterosexual, lesbian/gay, and bisexual groups. According to our results, the Spanish version of the SWLS shows scalar invariance across sexual orientations, allowing a valid comparison between sexual minority and heterosexual people. Moreover, in our sample, lesbian/gay and bisexual participants obtained lower scores in life satisfaction than heterosexual participants. Bisexual people obtained the lowest score in well-being compared with the other groups. Implications related to the importance of checking instrument invariance before comparing mean differences between groups are discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The contribution of greenhouse gases to the recent slowdown in global-mean temperature trends

The recent slowdown in the rate of increase in global-mean surface temperature (GMST) has generated extensive discussion, but little attention has been given to the contribution of time-varying trends in greenhouse gas concentrations. We use a simple model approach to quantify this contribution. Between 1985 and 2003, greenhouse gases (including well-mixed greenhouse gases, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, and stratospheric water vapour from methane oxidation) caused a reduction in GMST trend of around 0.03–0.05 K decade−1 which is around 18%–25% of the observed trend over that period. The main contributors to this reduction are the rapid change in the growth rates of ozone-depleting gases (with this contribution slightly opposed by stratospheric ozone depletion itself) and the weakening in growth rates of methane and tropospheric ozone radiative forcing. Although CO2 is the dominant greenhouse gas contributor to GMST trends, the continued increase in CO2 concentrations offsets only about 30% of the simulated trend reduction due to these other contributors. These results emphasize that trends in non-CO2 greenhouse gas concentrations can make significant positive and negative contributions to changes in the rate of warming, and that they need to be considered more closely in analyses of the causes of such variations