Nano Imprint Lithography on Silica Sol-gels: a simple route to sequential patterning

Since the pioneering work of S.Y. Chou et al.[1] Nano Imprint Lithography (NIL) has emerged as a promising technique for surface patterning, opening for numerous applications ranging from nanophotonics[2] to microfluidics[3]. NIL basically consists in the stamping of deformable surfaces or films. Preferred materials are thermoplastics[4] and UV curable resists[5]. So far, most papers report on single imprinting methods for which the same surface is imprinted only once. In the present paper, we report the imprinting of square silica structures from simple line gratings and demonstrate how the specific thermo-rheological behavior of ICSG resists can be harnessed to form complex structures by sequential imprinting at low pressures

Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Mental Diseases in Pregnancy: An In Vitro Safety Assessment

Pregnancy is a critical period for medical care, during which the well-being of woman and fetus must be considered. This is particularly relevant in managing non-psychotic mental disorders since treatment with central nervous system-active drugs and untreated NMDs may have negative effects. Some well-known herbal preparations (phytopharmaceuticals), including St. Johnʼs wort, California poppy, valerian, lavender, and hops, possess antidepressant, sedative, anxiolytic, or antidepressant properties and could be used to treat mental diseases such as depression, restlessness, and anxiety in pregnancy. Our goal was to assess their safety in vitro, focusing on cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, genotoxicity, and effects on metabolic properties and differentiation in cells widely used as a placental cell model (BeWo b30 placenta choriocarcinoma cells). The lavender essential oil was inconspicuous in all experiments and showed no detrimental effects. At low-to-high concentrations, no extract markedly affected the chosen safety parameters. At an artificially high concentration of 100 µg/mL, extracts from St. Johnʼs wort, California poppy, valerian, and hops had minimal cytotoxic effects. None of the extracts resulted in genotoxic effects or altered glucose consumption or lactate production, nor did they induce or inhibit BeWo b30 cell differentiation. This study suggests that all tested preparations from St. Johnʼs wort, California poppy, valerian, lavender, and hops, in concentrations up to 30 µg/mL, do not possess any cytotoxic or genotoxic potential and do not compromise placental cell viability, metabolic activity, and differentiation. Empirical and clinical studies during pregnancy are needed to support these in vitro data

Intestinal permeability and gut microbiota interactions of pharmacologically active compounds in valerian and St. John’s wort

Phytomedicines such as valerian and St. John's wort are widely used for the treatment of sleeping disorders, anxiety and mild depression. They are perceived as safe alternatives to synthetic drugs, but limited information is available on the intestinal absorption and interaction with human intestinal microbiota of pharmacologically relevant constituents valerenic acid in valerian, and hyperforin and hypericin in St. John's wort. The intestinal permeability of these compounds and the antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs citalopram and diazepam was investigated in the Caco-2 cell model with bidirectional transport experiments. In addition, interaction of compounds and herbal extracts with intestinal microbiota was evaluated in artificial human gut microbiota. Microbiota-mediated metabolisation of compounds was assessed, and bacterial viability and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production were measured in the presence of compounds or herbal extracts. Valerenic acid and hyperforin were highly permeable in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Hypericin showed low-to-moderate permeability. An active transport process was potentially involved in the transfer of valerenic acid. Hyperforin and hypericin were mainly transported through passive transcellular diffusion. All compounds were not metabolized over 24 h in the artificial gut microbiota. Microbial SCFA production and bacterial viability was not substantially impaired nor promoted by exposure to the compounds or herbal extracts

Placental Passage of Protopine in an Ex Vivo Human Perfusion System

The placental passage of protopine was investigated with a human ex vivo placental perfusion model. The model was first validated with diazepam and citalopram, 2 compounds known to cross the placental barrier, and antipyrine as a positive control. All compounds were quantified by partially validated U(H)PLC-MS/MS bioanalytical methods. Protopine was transferred from the maternal to the fetal circuit, with a steady-state reached after 90 min. The study compound did not affect placental viability or functionality, as glucose consumption, lactate production, and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, and leptin release remained constant. Histopathological evaluation of all placental specimens showed unremarkable, age-appropriate parenchymal maturation with no pathologic findings

Transplacental passage of hyperforin, hypericin, and valerenic acid

Safe medications for mild mental diseases in pregnancy are needed. Phytomedicines from St. John’s wort and valerian are valid candidates, but safety data in pregnancy are lacking. The transplacental transport of hyperforin and hypericin (from St. John’s wort), and valerenic acid (from valerian) was evaluated using the ex vivo cotyledon perfusion model (4 h perfusions, term placentae) and, in part, the in vitro Transwell assay with BeWo b30 cells. Antipyrine was used for comparison in both models. U(H)PLC-MS/MS bioanalytical methods were developed to quantify the compounds. Perfusion data obtained with term placentae showed that only minor amounts of hyperforin passed into the fetal circuit, while hypericin did not cross the placental barrier and valerenic acid equilibrated between the maternal and fetal compartments. None of the investigated compounds affected metabolic, functional, and histopathological parameters of the placenta during the perfusion experiments. Data from the Transwell model suggested that valerenic acid does not cross the placental cell layer. Taken together, our data suggest that throughout the pregnancy the potential fetal exposure to hypericin and hyperforin – but not to valerenic acid – is likely to be minimal

Transplacental passage of hyperforin, hypericin, and valerenic acid

Safe medications for mild mental diseases in pregnancy are needed. Phytomedicines from St. John’s wort and valerian are valid candidates, but safety data in pregnancy are lacking. The transplacental transport of hyperforin and hypericin (from St. John’s wort), and valerenic acid (from valerian) was evaluated using the ex vivo cotyledon perfusion model (4 h perfusions, term placentae) and, in part, the in vitro Transwell assay with BeWo b30 cells. Antipyrine was used for comparison in both models. U(H)PLC-MS/MS bioanalytical methods were developed to quantify the compounds. Perfusion data obtained with term placentae showed that only minor amounts of hyperforin passed into the fetal circuit, while hypericin did not cross the placental barrier and valerenic acid equilibrated between the maternal and fetal compartments. None of the investigated compounds affected metabolic, functional, and histopathological parameters of the placenta during the perfusion experiments. Data from the Transwell model suggested that valerenic acid does not cross the placental cell layer. Taken together, our data suggest that throughout the pregnancy the potential fetal exposure to hypericin and hyperforin – but not to valerenic acid – is likely to be minimal

Le pouvoir lubrifiant des nanotubes de carbone

The current requirements in automotive lubrication impose extremely complex formulation. Among all the additives present in oil, one can note the presence of molybdenum dithiocarbamateand zinc dithiophosphate, both tribological additives containing sulfur and phosphorous. For environmental reasons, it is important to reduce or eliminate the presence of these two elements contained in oil. Carbon based materials are expected to present interesting tribological properties but were never really fully investigated. In this study, we are being interested on the lubricant properties of nanometric Carbon NanoTubes (CNT). Multi wall carbon nanotube MWNTs have been dispersed in oil and the behaviour of the blends has been studied in terms of rheology and tribology. We investigated their friction properties in two regims of lubrification : boundary lubrification and elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrification. At first, we focused in rheological properties of the blend. Carbon NanoTubes (CNT) present the tendency to aggregate to form micrometric network and this results in an increase in the blend viscosity. This thickening effect could make it possible to replace part of the ViscosityIndex Improver traditionally added to base oil. Nevertheless we reported an antagonist effect with other additives such as dispersant which may be a problem for this purpose. Then we investigated lubricant properties of CNT in boundary regim. CNTs show interesting friction reducing and anti-wear properties in some conditions. The results obtained let suppose a role of the catalyst in the lubrication mechanism. CNT are also of great interest in reason of their potential tribological properties in EHD lubrification regim. The lubricant film formation has been investigated as a function of the speed and the CNT concentration : the propagation of the CNT through the contact results in a local increase in the film thickness. Moreover, a reduction in friction and a drift in the wear onset have been observed under controlled contact kinematics. A potentiel mechanism of lubrification is explained in this last part. However, the interaction between the carbon nanotubes and the other additives present in the fully formulated lubricant need to be carrefully investigated in order to be able in the future to optimise the formulation of new carbon nanotubes based lubricants.Les exigences actuelles en terme de lubrification automobile imposent des formulations extrêmement complexes. Parmi tous les additifs présents dans l'huile, on peut noter le dithiocarbamate de molybdène et le dithiophosphate de zinc, additifs à action tribologique, à base de soufre et de phosphore. Pour des raisons environnementales, il est important de diminuer nettement voire d'éliminer la présence de ces deux éléments dans les huiles. Les matériaux à base de carbone présentent des propriétés tribologiques intéressantes mais n'ont jamais été entièrement étudiés. Dans cette étude nous nous sommes intéressés aux propriétés lubrifiantes des nanotubes de carbone (NTCs). Des nanotubes multi-parois ont été dispersés dans l'huile puis les propriétés rhéologiques et tribologiques des " nanolubrifiants " ont été étudiées. Nous nous sommes intéressés à leurs propriétés tribologiques dans deux régimes de lubrification : le régime limite et le régime élastohydrodynamique. Nous nous sommes tout d'abord focalisés sur les propriétés rhéologiques du mélange huile/NTCs.Les nanotubes de carbone possèdent une tendance à s'agréger sous la forme d'un réseau de taille micrométrique ce qui résulte en une nette augmentation de viscosité de l'huile de base. Cet effet épaississant pourrait éventuellement permettre aux NTCs de remplacer une partie de l'Améliorant d'Indice de Viscosité (AVI) habituellement additionné à l'huile de base. Néanmoins, nous avons mis en évidence un effet antagoniste avec les autres additifs de lubrification, tel que le dispersant, qui pourrait être un problème pour une telle utilisation. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux propriétés des NTCs dans le régime limite de lubrification. Les NTCs présentent des propriétés réductrices de l'usure et du frottement intéressantes sous certaines conditions. Les analyses effectuées laissent supposer un rôle du catalyseur dans le mécanisme de lubrification. Les nanotubes de carbone semblent d'un grand intérêt car, ils possèdent également des propriétés tribologiques en régime élastohydrodynamique (EHD). Le mécanisme de formation des films lubrifiants a été étudié en fonction des paramètres concentrations et vitesses d'entraînement: la propagation des agrégats de NTCs à travers le contact résulte en une augmentation locale de l'épaisseur de film lubrifiant. De plus, une réduction de frottement et un décalage dans l'apparition des premières traces d'usure ont été observés à la suite d'essais tribologiques. Le mécanisme d'action des NTCs en régime de lubrification EHD est proposé dans cette partie. Cependant, les interactions entre les NTCs et les additifs présents dans les lubrifiants entièrement formulés doivent être étudiés pour optimiser la formulation de lubrifiant à base de nanotubes de carbone

Le pouvoir lubrifiant des nanotubes de carbone

Les exigences actuelles en terme de lubrification automobile imposent des formulations extrêmement complexes. Parmi tous les additifs présents dans l huile, on peut noter le dithiocarbamate de molybdène et le dithiophosphate de zinc, additifs à action tribologique, à base de soufre et de phosphore. Pour des raisons environnementales, il est important de diminuer nettement voire d éliminer la présence de ces deux éléments dans les huiles. Les matériaux à base de carbone présentent des propriétés tribologiques intéressantes mais n ont jamais été entièrement étudiés. Dans cette étude nous nous sommes intéressés aux propriétés lubrifiantes des nanotubes de carbone (NTCs). Des nanotubes multi-parois ont été dispersés dans l huile puis les propriétés rhéologiques et tribologiques des nanolubrifiants ont été étudiées. Nous nous sommes intéressés à leurs propriétés tribologiques dans deux régimes de lubrification : le régime limite et le régime élastohydrodynamique. Nous nous sommes tout d abord focalisés sur les propriétés rhéologiques du mélange huile/NTCs.Les nanotubes de carbone possèdent une tendance à s agréger sous la forme d un réseau de taille micrométrique ce qui résulte en une nette augmentation de viscosité de l huile de base. Cet effet épaississant pourrait éventuellement permettre aux NTCs de remplacer une partie de l Améliorant d Indice de Viscosité (AVI) habituellement additionné à l huile de base. Néanmoins, nous avons mis en évidence un effet antagoniste avec les autres additifs de lubrification, tel que le dispersant, qui pourrait être un problème pour une telle utilisation. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux propriétés des NTCs dans le régime limite de lubrification. Les NTCs présentent des propriétés réductrices de l usure et du frottement intéressantes sous certaines conditions. Les analyses effectuées laissent supposer un rôle du catalyseur dans le mécanisme de lubrification. Les nanotubes de carbone semblent d un grand intérêt car, ils possèdent également des propriétés tribologiques en régime élastohydrodynamique (EHD). Le mécanisme de formation des films lubrifiants a été étudié en fonction des paramètres concentrations et vitesses d entraînement: la propagation des agrégats de NTCs à travers le contact résulte en une augmentation locale de l épaisseur de film lubrifiant. De plus, une réduction de frottement et un décalage dans l apparition des premières traces d usure ont été observés à la suite d essais tribologiques. Le mécanisme d action des NTCs en régime de lubrification EHD est proposé dans cette partie. Cependant, les interactions entre les NTCs et les additifs présents dans les lubrifiants entièrement formulés doivent être étudiés pour optimiser la formulation de lubrifiant à base de nanotubes de carbone.The current requirements in automotive lubrication impose extremely complex formulation. Among all the additives present in oil, one can note the presence of molybdenum dithiocarbamateand zinc dithiophosphate, both tribological additives containing sulfur and phosphorous. For environmental reasons, it is important to reduce or eliminate the presence of these two elements contained in oil. Carbon based materials are expected to present interesting tribological properties but were never really fully investigated. In this study, we are being interested on the lubricant properties of nanometric Carbon NanoTubes (CNT). Multi wall carbon nanotube MWNTs have been dispersed in oil and the behaviour of the blends has been studied in terms of rheology and tribology. We investigated their friction properties in two regims of lubrification : boundary lubrification and elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrification. At first, we focused in rheological properties of the blend. Carbon NanoTubes (CNT) present the tendency to aggregate to form micrometric network and this results in an increase in the blend viscosity. This thickening effect could make it possible to replace part of the ViscosityIndex Improver traditionally added to base oil. Nevertheless we reported an antagonist effect with other additives such as dispersant which may be a problem for this purpose. Then we investigated lubricant properties of CNT in boundary regim. CNTs show interesting friction reducing and anti-wear properties in some conditions. The results obtained let suppose a role of the catalyst in the lubrication mechanism. CNT are also of great interest in reason of their potential tribological properties in EHD lubrification regim. The lubricant film formation has been investigated as a function of the speed and the CNT concentration : the propagation of the CNT through the contact results in a local increase in the film thickness. Moreover, a reduction in friction and a drift in the wear onset have been observed under controlled contact kinematics. A potentiel mechanism of lubrification is explained in this last part. However, the interaction between the carbon nanotubes and the other additives present in the fully formulated lubricant need to be carrefully investigated in order to be able in the future to optimise the formulation of new carbon nanotubes based lubricants.LYON-Ecole Centrale (690812301) / SudocSudocFranceF

CATS – A process-based model for turbulent turbidite systems at the reservoir scale

AbstractThe Cellular Automata for Turbidite systems (CATS) model is intended to simulate the fine architecture and facies distribution of turbidite reservoirs with a multi-event and process-based approach. The main processes of low-density turbulent turbidity flow are modeled: downslope sediment-laden flow, entrainment of ambient water, erosion and deposition of several distinct lithologies. This numerical model, derived from (Salles, 2006; Salles et al., 2007), proposes a new approach based on the Rouse concentration profile to consider the flow capacity to carry the sediment load in suspension. In CATS, the flow distribution on a given topography is modeled with local rules between neighboring cells (cellular automata) based on potential and kinetic energy balance and diffusion concepts. Input parameters are the initial flow parameters and a 3D topography at depositional time. An overview of CATS capabilities in different contexts is presented and discussed