Value of syndromic surveillance within the Armed Forces for early warning during a dengue fever outbreak in French Guiana in 2006

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A dengue fever outbreak occured in French Guiana in 2006. The objectives were to study the value of a syndromic surveillance system set up within the armed forces, compared to the traditional clinical surveillance system during this outbreak, to highlight issues involved in comparing military and civilian surveillance systems and to discuss the interest of syndromic surveillance for public health response.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Military syndromic surveillance allows the surveillance of suspected dengue fever cases among the 3,000 armed forces personnel. Within the same population, clinical surveillance uses several definition criteria for dengue fever cases, depending on the epidemiological situation. Civilian laboratory surveillance allows the surveillance of biologically confirmed cases, within the 200,000 inhabitants.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>It was shown that syndromic surveillance detected the dengue fever outbreak several weeks before clinical surveillance, allowing quick and effective enhancement of vector control within the armed forces. Syndromic surveillance was also found to have detected the outbreak before civilian laboratory surveillance.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Military syndromic surveillance allowed an early warning for this outbreak to be issued, enabling a quicker public health response by the armed forces. Civilian surveillance system has since introduced syndromic surveillance as part of its surveillance strategy. This should enable quicker public health responses in the future.</p

Real-Time Microbiology Laboratory Surveillance System to Detect Abnormal Events and Emerging Infections, Marseille, France

International audienceInfectious diseases are a major threat to humanity, and accurate surveillance is essential. We describe how to implement a laboratory data–based surveillance system in a clinical microbiology laboratory. Two historical Microsoft Excel databases were implemented. The data were then sorted and used to execute the following 2 surveillance systems in Excel: the Bacterial real-time Laboratory-based Surveillance System (BALYSES) for monitoring the number of patients infected with bacterial species isolated at least once in our laboratory during the study periodl and the Marseille Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System (MARSS), which surveys the primary β-lactam resistance phenotypes for 15 selected bacterial species. The first historical database contained 174,853 identifications of bacteria, and the second contained 12,062 results of antibiotic susceptibility testing. From May 21, 2013, through June 4, 2014, BALYSES and MARSS enabled the detection of 52 abnormal events for 24 bacterial species, leading to 19 official reports. This system is currently being refined and improved

Pullout behavior of post installed bonded anchors in UHPFRC

International audienc

Au carrefour des études mémorielles, postcoloniales et de genre

International audienc

« Carrefours. Au croisement des études mémorielles, postcoloniales et de genre »

Edward Said’s Orientalism is a foundational essay for postcolonial studies. The article revisits the main features of the theme of memory in this major and sometimes controversial work. This study allows us to consider a few aspects of the relationship between the postcolonial field (at least, in its beginnings) and memory studies, in order to initiate a dialogue, in the wake of the notion of “multidirectional memory” presented by Michael Rothberg in 2009, in his essay recently translated by Luba Jurgenson

J-integral based fracture toughness of 15Cr-5Ni stainless steel during phase transformation

International audienceThis paper proposes a simple effective method to extract the elastoplastic toughness J1C from a simple experiment on a plate. The method is based on a combination of global experimental load displacement measurements, finite element simulation, and digital image correlation which is used to observe the crack propagation initiation as well as to determine the appropriate boundary conditions to be used in numerical simulation. This method is applied to obtain the J1C value of material 15Cr–5Ni stainless steel, which is normally written as 15–5PH after different temperature histories. This paper investigates the influence of the different material state history on the mechanical properties due to the heat treatment and possible phase transformation. Meanwhile, the fractography is also analysed. The result of J1C value shows that the pure martensite 15–5PH has higher fracture toughness at room temperature than at 200 °C. The toughness is also higher than the original material after one cycle heat treatment, which is probably caused by some residual austenite. Meanwhile, pure austenite 15–5PH has a higher fracture toughness than pure martensite 15–5PH at 200 °C. The J1C value of the dual phase 15–5PH during the martensitic transformation also shows that possibly austenite can enhance the ductility of the material as well as fracture toughness.Highlights► This paper gives a new and economic method to evaluate J1C with combination of DIC and FEA. ► It shows that thermal history inducing phase transformation has an effect on fracture toughness. ► J1C toughness values are estimated for 15–5PH stainless steel at different metallurgical states

La Littérature de voyage aujourd’hui. Héritages et reconfigurations

International audienceHéritière du XIXe siècle, la littérature de voyage est devenue aujourd’hui un genre ouvert, pas seulement hybride (ce que le récit de voyage est depuis longtemps), mais plus libre qu’avant, que ce soit dans ses acteurs, dans ses destinations, dans ses représentations, dans ses styles et ses parlures, peut-être aussi dans ses formes narratives et dans ses supports médiatiques. Elle est désormais dotée d’une forte conscience de soi, fût-ce pour contester ses propres usages, pour déjouer les attentes de ses lecteurs en se mettant elle-même en cause – tout en continuant à dire le monde dans sa beauté, mais aussi dans sa fragilité.Les contributions réunies dans ce volume ont mis l’accent sur de telles démarches critiques en analysant et en théorisant quelques-unes des reconfigurations qui sont à l’œuvre dans les littératures de voyage en langue française du temps présent – compte tenu de la dette qu’elles contractent vis-à-vis du passé. Elles jouent, notamment, sur trois paramètres : celui de la ou des voix qui portent le récit, de la distance qui est ménagée entre les pratiques du voyage et leur mise en intrigue, et des motifs et destinations du voyage. Il s’agit désormais d’inventer une langue et des formes, des modalités d’enquête, et un usage du monde qui soient à même de rendre compte de l’expérience complexe et plurielle de l’ailleurs. Une série d’énigmes est posée. Les textes et les images permettent de les formuler, à défaut de les résoudre

Evaluation of Strategies to Fight COVID-19: The French Paradigm

International audience(1) Background: We collected COVID-19 mortality data and the age distribution of the deceased in France and other European countries, as well as specifically in the cities of Paris and Marseille, and compared them. (2) Methods: Data on mortality related to COVID-19 and the associated age distribution were collected from government institutions in various European countries. In France, data were obtained from INSEE and Santé Publique France. All-cause mortality was also examined in order to study potential excess mortality using EuroMOMO. The Marseille data came from the epidemiological surveillance system. (3) Results: France is one of the European countries most impacted by COVID-19. Its proportion of deaths in people under 60 years of age is higher (6.5%) than that of Italy (4.6%) or Spain (4.7%). Excess mortality (5% more deaths) was also observed. Ile-de-France and the Grand-Est are the two French regions with the highest mortality. The proportion of deaths in the under-60 age group was considerable in Ile-de-France (9.9% vs. 4.5% in the Southern region). There are significantly higher numbers of patients hospitalized, in intensive care and deceased in Paris than in Marseille. (4) Conclusions: No patient management, i.e., from screening to diagnosis, including biological assessment and clinical examination, likely explains the high mortality associated with COVID-19

Robust identification of elasto-plastic constitutive law parameters from digital images using 3D kinematics

International audienceIdentification and model validation have been performed for decades using global response of samples or structures. Nowadays, the development of full field measurement techniques offers the opportunity to take benefit of a much larger amount of experimental data. Existing strategies that can handle full field data to estimate constitutive model parameters are limited to two-dimensional mechanical models. In some cases, such as finite strain plasticity, two-dimensional modeling is not acceptable and three-dimensional effects must be accounted for. In this paper, we propose an identification strategy that mixes intimately numerical simulations with digital image correlation and that can overcome the common limitations of existing methods. It is shown to be noise robust, to have a low sensitivity to initial parameter guess and to mesh refinement. Furthermore, the proposed strategy allows to discriminate between constitutive models that give similar global responses