Pathogenesis of Bovine Herpesviruses in vitro

Bovine herpesviruses cause acute disease in cattle. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1 or IBR) is a respiratory virus, while bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5) affects the brain and causes a viral encephalitis. Studies in the laboratory showed no difference in the growth rate of BHV-1 or BHV-5 in blood vessel, brain, or kidney cells. The ability of BHV-1 to cause cells to die is not caused by apoptosis (programmed cell death). Further studies on the pathogenesis of bovine herpesviruses need to be conducted to improve control and prevention measures

Febrile Response and Decrease in Circulating Lymphocytes Following Acute Infection of White-Tailed Deer Fawns with Either a BVDV1 or a BVDV2 Strain

Although commonly associated with infection in cattle, bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) also replicate in many domestic and wildlife species, including cervids. Bovine viral diarrhea viruses have been isolated from a number of cervids, including mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus), but little information is available regarding clinical presentation and progression of infection in these species. In preliminary studies of experimental infection of deer with BVDV, researchers noted seroconversion but no clinical signs. In this study, we infected white-tailed deer fawns that were negative for BVDV and for antibodies against BVDV, with either a type 1 or a type 2 BVDV that had been isolated from whitetailed deer. Fawns were monitored for changes in basal temperature, circulating lymphocytes, and platelets. The clinical progression following inoculation in these fawns was similar to that seen with BVDV infections in cattle and included fever and depletion of circulating lymphocytes. Because free-ranging cervid populations are frequently in contact with domestic cattle in the United States, possible transfer of BVDV between cattle and cervids has significant implications for proposed BVDV control programs

Long-Term Protection from Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Feedlot Cattle

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes respiratory and reproductive disease. The duration of immunity of an inactivated vaccine (Virashield 5: Grand Laboratories, Freeman, SD) was measured in two challenge studies. In both studies the vaccinated animals demonstrated fewer clinical signs when challenged with Type II BVDV at 11 or 13 months post vaccination. These results indicate that an inactivated vaccine administered properly can protect animals against disease up to at least a year post vaccination

Protection Against a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Type 1 Challenge in Calves Vaccinated with a Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)-BVDV Recombinant

A recently developed recombinant bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) virus containing the envelope protein gp53 of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1, BHV-1 (v1V31), was assessed for its ability to protect against BVDV in calves. Four calves were vaccinated intranasally with the recombinant BHV-1-BVDV vaccine and did not exhibit any clinical signs following vaccination. The vaccine virus was recovered from all vaccinated calves on days 8 through 10 and the replication appeared to be restricted to nasal passages. Twenty-eight days after vaccination, the four vaccinated and four control calves were challenged with the type 1 BVDV, strain NY-1. All calves had slight temperature elevations but the clinical signs were more severe in the control calves. The platelet counts were significantly depressed in the control calves. Prior to challenge, neither group had BVDV serum neutralizing antibody. The vaccinated calves developed higher serum antibody levels 2 months following challenge, indicating a secondary immune response. Necropsy was performed six weeks following infection. No latent BHV-1 virus was detected from the trigeminal ganglion of any of the vaccinated calves. The recombinant BHV-1 virus vaccine containing a single BVDV protein provided partial protection against BVDV infection

Studying Virus Cell Interactiosn: Finding New Ways to Prevent Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in Cattle

lnfectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR; bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1); Rednose) is one of several cattle respiratory viruses that plays a large role in the shipping fever complex. One of the major problems with IBR is that like other herpesviruses, once animals are infected they carry the virus for life. Investigations in our laboratory have been aimed at understanding how the IBR virus gets into cells. By understanding the mechanism that the virus uses we hope to develop strategies to prevent IBR infection. Our investigations indicate that IBR grows only in actively growing cells like those found in the upper respiratory tract of cattle. We also know that IBR does not grow well in slow growing cells like those found in the brain

Genetic relationships among temperament, immune function, and carcass merit

Cattle producers historically have selected for docile temperaments simply for management convenience because calmer animals are conducive to safe environments for their peers as well as their handlers. As many producers would acknowledge, there seems to be a relationship between temperament and health, and calmer cattle tend to frequent the working chute for treatment of disease less often. Positive correlations have been found in cattle between temperament traits (chute scores, pen scores, and chute exit velocities) and cortisol concentration in the blood, suggesting that more excitable cattle are easily stressed (Curley et al., 2006; Cooke et al., 2009). In addition, Curley et al. (2007) found that easily excitable animals sustain elevated cortisol concentrations for a longer duration and had greater pituitary and adrenal responses following a stressor than calm cattle. Temperamental cattle have significantly higher mean temperament responses at all points (Oliphint, 2006). Higher basal serum cortisol concentrations may suggest that easily excitable cattle are chronically stressed (Curley et al., 2007), possibly resulting in a compromised immune system, illness, and decreased fat and protein deposition. Common measures of cattle temperament are pen scores, chute scores, and exit velocities. Temperament appears to be moderately heritable, with estimates ranging from 0.15 to 0.44 (Burrow and Corbet, 2000; Kadel et al., 2006; Schrode and Hammack, 1971; Stricklin et al., 1980; Fordyce et al., 1988). If genetic correlations are found between temperament and production traits or immunological factors, they may aid cattle breeders in producing profitable cattle. Such relationships have been found between exit velocity and hot carcass weight (r = -0.54), exit velocity and marbling score (r = 0.10), exit velocity and yield grade (r = -0.22) (Nkrumah et al., 2007), and post-weaning weight gain and exit velocity (Weaber et al., 2006). Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) susceptibility has been estimated to be lowly heritable (Muggli-Cockett et al., 1992; Snowder et al., 2005, 2006, 2007; Schneider et al., 2008). This study was conducted to further investigate the genetic relationships between cattle temperament measured by chute score and exit velocity, immunological factors, and a range of economically relevant performance traits

Advanced demand and a critical analysis of revenue management

Pre-print; author's draftThis paper presents a theoretical framework of advanced demand through six propositions. The framework introduces the concept of acquisition and valuation risks and suggests that advanced demand distribution is rooted in the trade off between them. Furthermore, since advanced buyers may not consume, firms may be able to re-sell capacity relinquished. The study then proposes how refunds could provide additional revenue to firms. The study further suggests theoretical reasons why and when service firms are able to practice revenue management, suggesting that RM tools such as overbooking and demand forecasting may not be the only tools for higher revenue

Search for Gravitational Waves Associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts Detected by Fermi and Swift during the LIGO-Virgo Run O3b

We search for gravitational-wave signals associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the Fermi and Swift satellites during the second half of the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (2019 November 1 15:00 UTC-2020 March 27 17:00 UTC). We conduct two independent searches: A generic gravitational-wave transients search to analyze 86 GRBs and an analysis to target binary mergers with at least one neutron star as short GRB progenitors for 17 events. We find no significant evidence for gravitational-wave signals associated with any of these GRBs. A weighted binomial test of the combined results finds no evidence for subthreshold gravitational-wave signals associated with this GRB ensemble either. We use several source types and signal morphologies during the searches, resulting in lower bounds on the estimated distance to each GRB. Finally, we constrain the population of low-luminosity short GRBs using results from the first to the third observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. The resulting population is in accordance with the local binary neutron star merger rate. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society