Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes respiratory and reproductive disease. The duration of immunity of an inactivated vaccine (Virashield 5: Grand Laboratories, Freeman, SD) was measured in two challenge studies. In both studies the vaccinated animals demonstrated fewer clinical signs when challenged with Type II BVDV at 11 or 13 months post vaccination. These results indicate that an inactivated vaccine administered properly can protect animals against disease up to at least a year post vaccination

Anderson, S.

Braun, L.

Chase, C. C.L.

Fraser, R.

Hanson, J.

Hurley, D.J.

English

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South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeSouth Dakota Beef Report, 1996 Animal Science Reports1996Long-Term Protection from Bovine Viral DiarrheaVirus in Feedlot CattleC. C.L. ChaseSouth Dakota State UniversityJ. HansonSouth Dakota State UniversityR. FraserSouth Dakota State UniversityL. BraunSouth Dakota State UniversityS. AndersonSouth Dakota State UniversitySee next page for additional authorsFollow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_1996Part of the Animal Sciences CommonsThis Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Reports at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in South Dakota Beef Report, 1996 by an authorized administrator of OpenPRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contactmichael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationChase, C. C.L.; Hanson, J.; Fraser, R.; Braun, L.; Anderson, S.; and Hurley, D.J., "Long-Term Protection from Bovine Viral DiarrheaVirus in Feedlot Cattle" (1996). South Dakota Beef Report, 1996. Paper 10.http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_1996/10AuthorsC. C.L. Chase, J. Hanson, R. Fraser, L. Braun, S. Anderson, and D.J. HurleyThis report is available at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange:http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_1996/10Long-Term Protection from Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus A in Feedlot Cattle C.C.L. Chase,' J. Hans~n,~ T. Fra~er,~ L.Bra~n,~ S. Ander~on,~ and D.J. Hurley Departments of Veterinary Science and Biology/Microbiology SDSU CAl lLE 96-9 Summary Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes respiratory and reproductive disease. The duration of immunity of an inactivated vaccine (Virashield 5: Grand Laboratories, Freeman, SD) was measured in t w o  challenge studies. In both studies the vaccinated animals demonstrated fewer clinical signs when challenged wi th  Type II BVDV at 11  or 1 3  months post vaccination. These results indicate that an inactivated vaccine administered properly can protect animals against disease up to  at least a year post vaccination. Key Words: Bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV, Vaccine, Challenge BVDV vaccines have traditionally been either modified live virus (MLV) or inactivated viruses. MLV vaccines have been touted on their ability t o  produce cell immunity and to  have a longer duration of action. This study was designed t o  assess the efficacy and duration of cattle vaccinated wi th  the inactivated Virashield 5 (Grand Laboratories, Freeman, SD) by challenging the animals w i th  BVDV. This report details the results of these clinical trials. Materials and Methods Animals Trial 1 Introduction Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has emerged as the major viral disease of cattle. BVDV is the predominant virus isolated from bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and from abortions at the Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory at South Dakota State University. BVDV was isolated from 100  submissions and represented 89% of all BRD viral isolations made in 1995. Two  biotypes of BVDV virus have been recognized. Type I BVDV is the major type that has been responsible for most clinical BVDV in South Dakota. Type II BVDV has emerged in several areas of the country and has been implicated in acute BVDV outbreaks. Vaccinates. Six crossbred calves (Charolais cross, 500-750 Ib) seronegative for BVDV were vaccinated in June 1994 wi th  5 m l  of Virashield 5 intramuscular. A second dose was administered 1 month later. Control. Three crossbred calves (Charolais cross, 400-500 Ib) seronegative for IBR, BVDV, and BRSV were used as controls. Trial 2 Vaccinates. Six yearling calves (Holstein cross, 1 100-1 200  Ib) seronegative for BVDV were vaccinated in October of 1994. The animals were injected wi th  5 ml  of Virashield 5 intramuscular. A second dose was administered 'Associate Professor, Veterinary Science Department. %Jndergraduate student. 3Microbiologist, Veterinary Science Department. 4Graduate student. 5Associate Professor, Biology/Microbiology Department. one month later. In November 1995, the animals were moved t o  the Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University. Control. Three yearling calves (Holstein cross, 1 100-1 200 Ib) seronegative for BVDV were used as controls. Challenge m. The BVDV challenge virus was from the National Veterinary Service Laboratory, Ames, IA. The challenge vials were labeled "NVSL BVD Challenge Virus (890) Lot# 94-9. The challenge upon dilution with 2.8 ml of diluent was lo7.' tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID 50:the amount of virus required to  kill 50% of the cells) per animal. Virus Inoculation beginning 3 days prior to  challenge and continued until 14  days post infection. Statistical analysis was done using a student T-test with significance cutoff of 0.05. Clinical Diarrhea Sians-BVDV. Fecal consistency was measured beginning 3 days prior to challenge and continued until 1 4  days post infection in the BVDV challenge. The scoring system was 0 = normal consistency; 1 = loose consistency, and 2 = watery consistency. Statistical analysis was done using a student T-test with significance cutoff of 0.05. Seroloau. Blood samples were drawn from all animals in each challenge. The samples were drawn prior to  infection and at -2, 5, 12, and 26 days post infection. Serum was harvested and stored at -70" C. The serum was shipped to Grand Laboratories, Larchwood, IA, for serum neutralization testing. Trial 1 -Results and Discussion Nine animals were challenged 11 months following the first vaccination with the BVDV virus inoculum described above. Each calf was swabbed prior to  challenge, 2 ml per nostril ( 4  ml total) of inoculum was administered with an atomizer in each nostril and the calves were swabbed for virus isolation post inoculation. Trial 2 -Nine animals were challenged 13  months following the first vaccination with the BVDV virus inoculum described above. Each calf was swabbed prior to  challenge, 2 ml per nostril ( 4  ml total) of inoculum was administered with an atomizer in each nostril, and the calves were swabbed for virus isolation post inoculation Testing Procedures Clinical Res~iratorv Sians and Tem~erature. During each challenge, animals were observed daily for clinical signs beginning 3 days prior to  challenge and continued until 14  days post challenge. The animals were observed for lacrimation, conjunctivitis, dyspnea, and nasal discharge and clinical scores assigned. The basal body temperature was also measured rectally with a digital thermometer BVDV Clinical Res~iratory Scores (includes body temperature) Trial 1. Prior to challenge, all the cattle had -- a mild serous nasal discharge. At day 7 post infection, there was a threefold increase over pre-challenge scores in the control animals. This continued out to  day 13  post infection. There was a significant increase (P< .05) in clinical scores between the two  groups on days 8 to  13 of the BVDV experiment (Figure 1). Trial 2. Prior to challenge, all the cattle had a mild serous nasal discharge. There was no difference in the clinical signs between the two  groups. On days 7 and 8 post challenge, the controls had higher scores, but there was no clear trend. The body temperatures in these groups did not vary much. On days 8 and 9, the controls had temperatures 2 "  higher than the vaccinates (data not shown). Clinical Diarrhea Scores BVDV Trial 1. Fecal consistency was similar for both groups prior to  challenge and up to  day 7 post infection (Figure 2). On days 8, 10, and 11, there was a significant increase (P< .05) in diarrhea in  the control animals (Figure 2). Trial 2. There was no difference in fecal scores between the t w o  groups (data not shown). Seroloav . Vaccinated animals developed BVDV serum titers that peaked 2 to  3 months following the first vaccination (Figure 3). Figure 3 is representative of the serological response in  Trial 1 against either Type I or Type II BVDV. Following infection, the serum titers of  the vaccinated animals reached very high levels compared to  the controls. representative of the serological response in Trial 2 against either Type I or Type II BVDV. These results indicate that vaccination w i th  a properly administered inactivated vaccine can result in protection of feeder cattle from challenge wi th BVDV Type II over a year after vaccination. Respiratory disease in feedlot cattle continues t o  be a serious problem in the cattle industry. One of the important questions yet t o  be answered concerns the protection of cows against fetal BVDV infection. This infection results in abortions and BVDV persistently infected calves in the herd. These persistently infected animals maintain the virus in  the herd and are a threat t o  even well vaccinated animals. Future studies are planned t o  answer these questions. Trial 2. The serological response was -similar t o  Trial 1 (Figure 4). Figure 4 is - 3 - 2  -1 0  1 2  3  4  5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4  Days Post lnfection Figure 1. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Clinical Scores - .  - Vaccinate Control - -  - 3 - 2 - 1  0  1 2  3  4  5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4  Days Post lnfection Figure 2. Diarrheal Scores following BVDV lnfection -- Vacc~nate i Control 1 12,971 4 .- -- -I - .- - - - - - 2rd V e x  Challenge 7 - .~ - - - ..L - r - .. -15 1 7.5 8 3  9 9 2  9 5  131 X33 X37 11.1 113 115 119 Months After 1st Vaccination Figure 3. BVDV-Trial 1 Serum Neutralization Titers v a c c i n a t e  Control 0 0 9 1.7 2.8 3 7 4 7 5.6 6 5 7 4  8 4 9.3 10.1 11 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 Months After 1st Vaccination , Vaccinates ' Control Figure 4. BVDV-Trial 2 Serum Neutralization Titers 

Long-Term Protection from Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Feedlot Cattle

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Long-Term Protection from Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Feedlot Cattle

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