Determination of reference intervals in small size dogs for variables used in veterinary cardiology

La dégénérescence valvulaire mitrale (MVD) est la cardiopathie la plus fréquente chez le chien de petit format. Certaines variables écho-Doppler et sanguines sont incontournables dans son évaluation mais nécessitent d'être interprétées selon un intervalle de référence (IR) spécifique. L'objectif de ce travail a été de déterminer des IR pour 31 variables d'utilité clinique en cardiologie vétérinaire dans une population importante de chiens sains de petit format et selon les recommandations du Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Les trois études réalisées permettent de conclure que l'élaboration d'IR spécifiques dans une sous-population canine est pertinente pour certaines variables. De plus, l'effet de certains facteurs comme le poids, l'âge et le sexe doivent être pris en compte si un intérêt clinique est identifié.Degenerative mitral valve disease is the most common heart disease in small size dogs. Several echocardiographic, Doppler and blood variables are crucial in the assessment of the disease but need to be interpreted in the light of a specific reference interval (RI). The aim of this work was to determine RI for 31 variables of clinical interest in veterinary cardiology within a large population of healthy small size dogs by using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute recommendations. The three studies performed here allowed to conclude that determination of specific RI in this canine sub-population is relevant. Moreover, the effect of covariates such as body-weight, age and gender should be taken into account only if a clinical interest is identified

Détermination d'intervalles de référence chez les chiens de petit format pour des variables d'utilité en cardiologie vétérinaire

La dégénérescence valvulaire mitrale (MVD) est la cardiopathie la plus fréquente chez le chien de petit format. Certaines variables écho-Doppler et sanguines sont incontournables dans son évaluation mais nécessitent d'être interprétées selon un intervalle de référence (IR) spécifique. L'objectif de ce travail a été de déterminer des IR pour 31 variables d'utilité clinique en cardiologie vétérinaire dans une population importante de chiens sains de petit format et selon les recommandations du Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Les trois études réalisées permettent de conclure que l'élaboration d'IR spécifiques dans une sous-population canine est pertinente pour certaines variables. De plus, l'effet de certains facteurs comme le poids, l'âge et le sexe doivent être pris en compte si un intérêt clinique est identifié.Degenerative mitral valve disease is the most common heart disease in small size dogs. Several echocardiographic, Doppler and blood variables are crucial in the assessment of the disease but need to be interpreted in the light of a specific reference interval (RI). The aim of this work was to determine RI for 31 variables of clinical interest in veterinary cardiology within a large population of healthy small size dogs by using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute recommendations. The three studies performed here allowed to conclude that determination of specific RI in this canine sub-population is relevant. Moreover, the effect of covariates such as body-weight, age and gender should be taken into account only if a clinical interest is identified

Prospective echocardiographic and tissue Doppler screening of a large Sphynx cat population: Reference ranges, heart disease prevalence and genetic aspects

Chantier qualité GAInternational audienceObjectives: (1) To investigate heart morphology and function using echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), (2) to determine heart disease prevalence and characteristics, and (3) to assess potential genetic features in a population of Sphynx cats presented for cardiovascular screening. Animals: A total of 147 echocardiographic examinations, including 33 follow-ups, were performed by trained observers on 114 Sphynx cats of different ages (2.62 ± 1.93 years [0.5–10.0]) from 2004 to 2011. Methods: Sphynx cats underwent a physical examination, conventional echocardiography, and, if possible, two-dimensional color TDI. Results: Conventional echocardiographic findings included 75/114 normal (65.8%) and 39/114 (34.2%) abnormal examinations with a diagnosis of either congenital heart diseases (n = 16) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 23). In adult healthy cats, a significant body weight effect was observed for several echocardiographic variables, including end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) free wall (P < 0.01), interventricular septum (P < 0.001), and LV diameter (P < 0.001). Mitral valve dysplasia (MVD) was observed as a single or associated defect in 15/16 cats with congenital heart diseases. A significant increase in HCM prevalence (P < 0.001) was observed according to age. The pedigree analysis of a large family (n = 81) suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance for HCM. Conclusions: Body weight should be taken into account when interpreting values of diastolic myocardial wall thicknesses in Sphynx cats. Additionally, HCM and MVD are two relatively common heart diseases in this feline breed. More pedigree data are required to confirm the inheritance pattern of HCM at the breed level

Echocardiography and conventional Doppler examination in clinically healthy adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: effect of body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals.

International audienceThe objectives of this study were (1) to assess the potential effect of body weight (BW), age, and gender on the most commonly used echocardiographic and conventional Doppler variables in a large population of healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), and (2) to establish the corresponding reference intervals (RI). 134 healthy adult CKCS. Ultrasound examinations were performed by trained observers in awake dogs. M-mode variables included left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, LV free wall and interventricular septal thicknesses at end-diastole and end-systole, and LV fractional shortening (FS%). The left atrium (LA) and aortic (Ao) diameters were measured using a 2D method, and the LA/Ao was calculated. Pulsed-wave Doppler variables included peak systolic aortic and pulmonary flow velocities, mitral E and A waves, and E/A ratio. Effects of BW, age, and gender on these 15 variables were tested using a general linear model, and RIs were determined by applying the statistical procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. A significant BW effect was observed for all variables, except LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio. A significant but negligible effect of gender and age was also observed for 5/15 and 4/15 of the tested variables, respectively. Only the BW effect on M-mode variables was considered as clinically relevant and the corresponding regression-based RIs were calculated Body weight should be taken into account when interpreting echocardiographic values in CKCS, except for LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A rati

Basal plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in clinically healthy adult small size dogs: effect of body weight, age, gender and breed, and reference intervals.

International audiencePlasma NT-proBNP has previously been evaluated in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). However, reference intervals (RI) established according to the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations have never been provided. The objectives of this prospective study were to assess effects of breed, body weight, age, and sex on plasma NT-proBNP, and to establish RI according to CLSI for this biomarker in a large population of dogs predisposed to DMVD. 183 Healthy small-sized dogs from 7 breeds were included. Assays were performed by ELISA. Effects of covariates were tested using a general linear model. Although a sex effect was demonstrated (P=0.01), no significant effect of breed, body weight or age was shown. The proposed RI was 157-2842 pmol/L. 7% of dogs had plasma NT-proBNP >2617 pmol/L, and were considered as outliers despite normal cardiovascular examination. In conclusion, plasma NT-proBNP may be high in a few healthy small-sized dogs

Basal plasma concentrations of routine variables and packed cell volume in clinically healthy adult small-sized dogs: effect of breed, body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals.

International audiencePlasma variables may be affected by breed or body weight (BW). Small-sized dogs are very common, but no specific reference intervals (RI) are used. The primary objective of this prospective study was to assess the potential effect of breed, BW, age, and sex on routine plasma analytes and packed cell volume (PCV) in small-sized dogs. A secondary objective was to establish RI in this small-sized population Blood was sampled under standardized conditions from healthy dogs. PCV and 15 routine plasma variables were measured at the same laboratory. Effects of breed, BW, age, and sex were tested using a general linear model. The procedure recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute was used to establish RI In this study, 154 healthy dogs from 7 breeds were prospectively included. Although a significant effect of breed, BW, sex, or age was evidenced for most variables (except plasma sodium, phosphates, and triglycerides), it was considered as clinically irrelevant. More strikingly, the percentage of values in the reference sample group under the lower limit of the laboratory's RI ranged from 3.8% to 76.6% for 9 variables, and those higher than the upper limit of the laboratory's RI ranged from 4.5% to 9.7% for 7 variables. For example, the RI for creatinine in small-sized dogs was 45-90 μmol/L (vs 54-144 μmol/L for the general dog population).[ Specific RI should be considered for PCV and selected plasma variables in small-sized dogs