Representation and perception of mapped space

Reisen ermöglicht die Entdeckung neuer urbaner Erfahrungen und generiert Erinnerungen. Räumliche Zusammenhänge werden als mentale Karten, sog. „mental maps“ gespeichert und erlauben dem Menschen Navigation und Orientierung im urbanen Raum, wobei ein Abbild dieses Raumes entsteht. Kevin Lynch (1960) analysierte diese „mental maps“ und klassifizierte die abgebildeten Objekte in fünf Stadtelemente: Pfad, Knoten, Grenze, Stadtviertel und Wahrzeichen. Letztere sieht Lynch als bedeutendste Orientierungshilfe für Touristen (Lynch 1960). Vorliegende Masterarbeit verwendet diese Theorie und setzt sie in Relation mit der Repräsentation von kartiertem Raum durch einen speziellen Stadtplan, die USE-IT Stadtkarte für junge Reisende. Auf der Basis von Literaturrecherche und empirischer Forschung (Fallstudien Brüssel und Warschau) soll die Wahrnehmung von Raum durch junge Touristen analysiert werden. Dabei soll untersucht werden, inwiefern diese Wahrnehmung durch lokale Erlebnisse beeinflußt wird und ob dadurch ein facettenreiches (Ab-)Bild der Stadt kreiert wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigten keine eindeutigen Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Kartentyp und dem wahrgenommenen Stadtbild. Die meisten jungen Touristen nahmen ein Stadtbild wahr, welches von Sehenswürdigkeiten und symbolischen Werten geprägt war. Ortsspezifische Informationen der USE-IT Stadtkarten blieben ohne erkennbaren Einfluß auf die „mental maps“ der jungen Touristen.Traveling to unknown places initiate new urban experiences and memories in the human mind. Spatial knowledge can be stored as mental maps and allows the individual to navigate and orientate in an urban space and to a specific image of it. Kevin Lynch (1960) analyzed mental maps and classified those into five city elements: paths, nodes, edges, districts and landmarks. Landmarks present an important orientation reference to tourists (Lynch 1960). This thesis applies this theory and relates it to the representation of mapped space on a specific city map, the USE-IT map for young traveler. With literature review and empirical research in two case studies Brussels and Warsaw, the perception of space of young traveler shall be analyzed and studied, if it is influenced by the local experience and creates a multifaceted image of the city. Results showed no correlation between the used map and the perceived city image, as they presented a strong landmark-oriented image of the cities. Most of the young traveler perceived a city image shaped by tourist sights and symbolic values. Despite the local and diverse suggestions on the USE-IT maps, those places were significantly limited on the drawn mental maps

Pseudodoping of Metallic Two-Dimensional Materials by The Supporting Substrates

We demonstrate how hybridization between a two-dimensional material and its substrate can lead to an apparent heavy doping, using the example of monolayer TaS$_2$ grown on Au(111). Combining $\textit{ab-initio}$ calculations, scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments and a generic model, we show that strong changes in Fermi areas can arise with much smaller actual charge transfer. This mechanism, which we refer to as pseudodoping, is a generic effect for metallic two-dimensional materials which are either adsorbed to metallic substrates or embedded in vertical heterostructures. It explains the apparent heavy doping of TaS$_2$ on Au(111) observed in photoemission spectroscopy and spectroscopic signatures in scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Pseudodoping is associated with non-linear energy-dependent shifts of electronic spectra, which our scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments reveal for clean and defective TaS$_2$ monolayer on Au(111). The influence of pseudodoping on the formation of charge ordered, magnetic, or superconducting states is analyzed.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1609.0022

Crystalline and electronic structure of single-layer TaS2_2

Single-layer TaS$_2$ is epitaxially grown on Au(111) substrates. The resulting two-dimensional crystals adopt the 1H polymorph. The electronic structure is determined by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and found to be in excellent agreement with density functional theory calculations. The single layer TaS$_2$ is found to be strongly n-doped, with a carrier concentration of 0.3(1) extra electrons per unit cell. No superconducting or charge density wave state is observed by scanning tunneling microscopy at temperatures down to 4.7 K.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Zur palynologischen Aussagekraft einiger Proben aus der Bohrung Bayerhof – eine Pilotstudie

Das aus dem obersten Oligozän bzw. untersten Miozän stammende Bayerhofer Maar ist hinsichtlich seiner Sedimentationsgeschichte bisher kaum untersucht. Im Rahmen dieser Studie konnten in fünf Proben aus dem Bohrkern etwa 65 Taxa (Sporen, Pollen, Grünalgen) mittels Licht- und Rasterelektronenmikroskop identifiziert werden. Ein Vergleich mit anderen Fossilfundstellen zeigt, dass dies dem er-wartbaren Wert entspricht – unter Berücksichtigung von Probenmenge und Ablagerungsbedingungen für diesen Maarsee, der insgesamt wahrscheinlich bis zu 150 Taxa enthalten dürfte. Eine vorläufige Rekonstruktion der Pflanzenvergesellschaftung zeigt die zonale Vegetati-on eines warm-gemäßigten bzw. subtropischen Waldes bestehend aus immergrünen und sommergrünen Gewächsen, die den Kraterwall besiedelten. Auch Elemente der umliegenden Bergwälder des Fichtelgebirges und Oberpfälzer Waldes finden sich in den Ablagerungen. Entlang eines vermutlich in den See einmündenden Fließgewässers entwickelte sich ein Auenwald. In der Endphase des Sees bildeten sich Sumpf- und Moorvergesellschaftungen aus. Aufgrund der geringen Probenzahl und grundsätzlicher noch bestehender Unsicher-heiten der bestehenden pollenstratigraphischen Zonierungen ist eine exakte Einstufung aus methodischen Gründen (noch) nicht möglich. Dennoch kann das mittels K/Ar-Datierung ermittelte Alter (23,3 bis 21,7 Millionen Jahre) bestätigt werden, da es sich um eine typische Vergesellschaftung des entsprechenden Zeitraumes handelt. Da die Bohrung die komplette Maargeschichte von der initialen Eruptions-phase bis zur Verlandung enthält, wäre bei entsprechend engerer Beprobung und multidisziplinärem Forschungsansatz ein sicherlich sehr viel detaillierteres Bild zur Klima- und Vegetationsgeschichte sowie stratigraphischen Gliederung des fraglichen Zeitraumes möglich. Denn hierfür bilden Maarablagerungen i.d.R. ideale Voraussetzungen

Open reduction and internal fixation of acetabular fractures in patients of old age

MATERIAL AND MEHODS There is an ongoing debate on which treatment for acetabular fractures in elderly patients is the most appropriate. This study was set up to identify the role of open reduction and internal fixation of acetabular fractures in persons of old age. We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts and radiological data of all patients older than 65 years, who suffered an isolated acetabular fracture and were admitted in our Department between 2010 and 2014 (5-year period). Complications, outcome and mortality were recorded. Of all surviving patients, quality of life (QoL), mobility and independence were graded with European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 3 Level (EQ-5D-3L), European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-5D-VAS), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Elderly Mobility Scale (EMS) and Tinetti Mobility Test (TMT). RESULTS Seventy patients could be identified. There were 52 men (74%) and 18 women (26%) with a median age of 79.0 years (range: 65–104 years). Forty-six patients (66%) had been treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), 24 (34%) conservatively. There were negative predictive factors—subchondral impaction, damage to the femoral head and multiple fragments—in 54% of the operative group. With ORIF, an anatomical reduction could be achieved in 27 patients (59%), an acceptable in 18 (39%) and a poor in one (2%). At follow-up, 18 patients (26%) had died and 23 (33%) were not able to participate. The follow-up rate of the surviving operatively treated patients was 77%. Eleven of 46 operated patients (24%) needed a conversion to a total hip arthroplasty (THA). All patients undergoing conversion had imperfect reduction after surgery. No patient in the non-operative group underwent conversion to THA during follow-up. The median follow-up time of operatively treated patients without conversion (n = 17) was 30 months (range, 16–73 months), of patients with THA (n = 9) 30 months after conversion (range, 17–55 months). Quality of reduction correlated to QoL, mobility and independence in all recorded parameters. Patients with secondary THA had similar good outcomes as patients after ORIF without later conversion. Men had better outcome than women. CONCLUSION ORIF of acetabular fractures in patients of old age results in excellent outcomes at short-term follow-up when anatomical reduction can be achieved. In case of negative predictive factors, ORIF cannot be regarded as a definitive solution, rather as the construction of a stable socket for secondary THA. The decision of therapy should be made dependent on pre-operative radiographic parameters

Absence of superconductivity in ultra-thin layers of FeSe synthesized on a topological insulator

The structural and electronic properties of FeSe ultra-thin layers on Bi$_{2}$Se$_{3}$ have been investigated with a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The FeSe multi-layers, which are predominantly 3-5 monolayers (ML) thick, exhibit a hole pocket-like electron band at \bar{\Gamma} and a dumbbell-like feature at \bar{M}, similar to multi-layers of FeSe on SrTiO$_{3}$. Moreover, the topological state of the Bi2Se3 is preserved beneath the FeSe layer, as indicated by a heavily \it{n}-doped Dirac cone. Low temperature STS does not exhibit a superconducting gap for any investigated thickness down to a temperature of 5 K