Peran Perguruan Tinggi Mewujudkan Dinamika Kedamaian dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat

In any civilization, peacefulness or non-violence culture could be the ultimate end of human life. It contains human right principles to be achieved by community, civics, and nation. Albeit, in reality, the situation achieved is diametrically in the opposite to what expected where competition, contravention and social conflict arises very sharply unless a constructive conflict management is applied. The potentiality of social conflict to occur may be reduced to a tolerable rate when constructive dialogues can be built. The dialogues should be able to facilitate the development of convergence communication and the actualization of equality principles. Higher education processes will be one the most important institutions that could bring the actualization of the principles of peacefulness into reality. This could be true when education could assure the effectiveness of value transformation processes throughout generations. The role of high education institutions to make non-violence culture to become apparent is essential. The dynamic life in a peaceful culture can only be realized when a situation of welfare, equality and well expression of communication behavior are well maintained in the community life

Mean neighborhood participation rate by percent with low income in the neighborhood (neighborhoods n = 73, persons n = 12,768).

<p>Mean neighborhood participation rate by percent with low income in the neighborhood (neighborhoods n = 73, persons n = 12,768).</p

Multilevel models of association (RR, CI95% and P-value) between each individual- and neighborhood-level factor and participation, adjusted for sex and age.

<p>RR relative risk; CI95% confidence interval; ICC intra class correlation coefficient; SE standard error</p><p>Multilevel models of association (RR, CI95% and P-value) between each individual- and neighborhood-level factor and participation, adjusted for sex and age.</p

Multilevel models of association (RR, CI95% and P-value) between neighborhood deprivation and participation; adjusted for relevant neighborhood deprivation and individual SEP confounders, sex and age.

<p>RR relative risk; CI95% confidence interval; SEP socioeconomic position; ICC intra class correlation coefficient; SE standard error, NS not significant</p><p>Multilevel models of association (RR, CI95% and P-value) between neighborhood deprivation and participation; adjusted for relevant neighborhood deprivation and individual SEP confounders, sex and age.</p

Baseline characteristics stratified by vitamin D quartiles (N = 9,146).

#<p>Ranges (median, min, max) for Inter99∶1^st quartile (23, 10, 32), 2^nd quartile (40, 33, 47), 3^rd quartile (55, 48, 64), 4^th quartile (80, 65, 255).</p><p>Ranges (median, min, max) for Monica10∶1^st quartile (35, 13, 45), 2^nd quartile (53, 45, 61), 3^rd quartile (70, 61, 81), 4^th quartile (96, 81, 204).</p

Covariates according to COPD diagnosis at any time.

<p>Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1% predicted, forced expiratory volume in one second in % of predicted.</p

Baseline characteristics and vitamin D status in the three study populations.

<p>P-values are according to the Kruskal Wallis test.</p><p>Abbreviations: FEV1% predicted, forced expiratory volume in one second in % of predicted; IQR, interquartile range; 25-OH-D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index.</p

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the prospective associations between serum 25-OH vitamin D status and cause-specific mortality (individuals included = 8,329, person years at risk = 85,719).

$<p>Participants with missing values in one of the used variables were excluded. Adjusted for study group.</p>&<p>Further adjusted for gender, education, season of blood sample, intake of fish, physical activity, smoking habits, body mass index, and alcohol consumption.</p><p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; 25-OH vitamin D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D.</p

Multivariable logistic regression analyses of the cross-sectional association between vitamin D status and COPD (Number of events = 67, total number = 10,987).

$<p>Adjusted for study population.</p>&<p>Further djusted for gender, age, education, and season.</p>¤<p>Further adjusted for alcohol consumption, smoking, leisure time physical activity, intake of fish, and BMI.</p><p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; OR, odds ratio; 25-OH-D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D.</p

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the prospective associations between serum 25-OH vitamin D status and incident fatal and non-fatal COPD stratified by FEV1% predicted.

¤<p>Persons with a diagnosis of COPD before baseline were excluded. Complete case analysis.</p>$<p>Adjusted for study population.</p>&<p>Further adjusted for gender, education, and season.</p>%<p>Further adjusted for alcohol consumption, smoking, leisure time physical activity, intake of fish, and BMI.</p><p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; 25-OH-D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; FEV1% predicted, forced expiratory volume in one second in % of predicted.</p