Movements Into and Out of Child Poverty in New Zealand: Results from the Linked Income Supplement

This paper considers the dynamics of child income poverty in New Zealand. Annual movements into and out of poverty by children’s households in New Zealand over the 1997/98, 1998/99, and 1999/2000 periods are analysed. The annual Income Supplement to the Household Labour Force Survey allows tracking of dwellings and people in two consecutive June quarterly weeks, and thus allows observation of changes in equivalised household disposable income over a June year. This project is the first to use the Linked Income Survey for analysis of income dynamics and is part of the Ministry of Social Policy’s ongoing research on family dynamics.New Zealand adult and child poverty transitions are compared. Child poverty transitions in New Zealand are compared and contrasted to those of five other countries—Britain, Germany, Hungary, Russia and Spain—where a similar current income measure of poverty is available. The frequency of poverty “trigger events” in New Zealand and their impact on the chances of children exiting and entering poverty are compared to similar data for Britain and West Germany.child poverty, household income, income mobility

An investigation into viewers’ trust in and response towards disclosed paid-for endorsements by YouTube lifestyle Vloggers.

This study investigates viewers’ trust in and response towards disclosed paid-for endorsements by YouTube lifestyle vloggers. With the law now enforcing disclosure of sponsorship within vlogger endorsements, this research is topical. This study explored the credibility of lifestyle vloggers, viewers’ attitudes towards paid-for endorsements and disclosure, and viewers’ responses towards endorsements. The research employed a qualitative method and found that lifestyle vloggers are considered by their viewers as highly credible and influential individuals. Disclosure was seen to increase vlogger credibility, improving the acceptance of the endorsement message. This was however only seen where the viewer had a positive pre-existing relationship with the vlogger. Where the viewer did not have a positive pre-existing relationship with the vlogger, a perception of opportunistic behavior commonly arose in association with the paid-for endorsement. Thus, the research found the disclosed sponsorship can still be effective where the recipient is an avid viewer

Movements Into and Out of Child Poverty in New Zealand: Results from the Linked Income Supplement

This paper considers the dynamics of child income poverty in New Zealand. Annual movements into and out of poverty by children's households in New Zealand over the 1997/98, 1998/99, and 1999/2000 periods are analysed. The annual Income Supplement to the Household Labour Force Survey allows tracking of dwellings and people in two consecutive June quarterly weeks, and thus allows observation of changes in equivalised household disposable income over a June year. This project is the first to use the Linked Income Survey for analysis of income dynamics and is part of the Ministry of Social Policy's ongoing research on family dynamics. New Zealand adult and child poverty transitions are compared. Child poverty transitions in New Zealand are compared and contrasted to those of five other countries-Britain, Germany, Hungary, Russia and Spain-where a similar current income measure of poverty is available. The frequency of poverty "trigger events" in New Zealand and their impact on the chances of children exiting and entering poverty are compared to similar data for Britain and West Germany.Child poverty, household income, income mobility

Absenteeism and Overtime: Double Jeopardy

Une étude récente (Johnson et Peterson, 1975) estime le coût de l'absentéisme pour les employeurs entre $110.00 et$300.00 par employé par année. On peut regrouper les facteurs qui affectent l'absentéisme sous trois grandes rubriques: l'environnement, l'entreprise et l'individu. La valeur positive du travail décline et l'intérêt pour les loisirs s'accroît. Le succès dans les activités libres apparaît plus important que le succès au travail. Ainsi, il s'est créé une ambiance peu propice au travail. Certaines variables à l'intérieur de l'entreprise, comme ses dimensions, le contenu des tâches, les relations entre les employés et le régime de rétribution influence l'absentéisme. Il en est de même de l'âge de l'employé, de son degré d'instruction et de son conditionnement social.Se fondant sur les points précédents et les conclusions inspirées par les études sur l'absentéisme, les auteurs ont utilisé les cartes de présence des salariés pour formuler les quatre hypothèses suivantes :1° Plus la tâche exige de qualifications, moins l'absentéisme est marqué. (Ingham, 1970; Mikalachki, 1975; Herzberg, 1966; Beatty 1975; Shore, octobre 1975.)2° Plus l'employé est jeune, plus l'absentéisme est élevé. (Beatty, 1975; Yolles et autres, 1975.)3° Plus la tâche est rémunérée, plus l'absentéisme est bas (Ingham, 1970; Legge, 1974; Legge 1975.)Les données ne confirment aucune des hypothèses précédentes.Celles-ci ont été analysées de nouveau en se fondant sur la variable suivante: la possibilité pour l'employé d'exercer un contrôle sur les heures supplémentaires qu'il lui est possible d'exécuter.Lorsque les travailleurs n'ont que peu à dire en matière d'heures supplémentaires, l'hypothèse ci-dessus se vérifie. C'est quand les travailleurs peuvent influencer les heures supplémentaires que les données deviennent faussées.Le contrôle du travailleur sur les heures supplémentaires exerce un poids considérable sur l'absentéisme. Dans une société où la valeur du travail décline et où l'intérêt pour les loisirs s'accroît, les travailleurs ne veulent que passer le moins de temps possible au travail en vue d'en retirer un revenu fixe. En faisant des heures supplémentaires et en s'absentant les jours de travail régulier, le travailleur atteint le but recherché, c'est-à-dire qu'il touche un meilleur revenu pour une période de travail plus courte.Les chefs d'entreprise, qui ont à affronter le problème de l'absentéisme, reconnaissent qu'il s'agit là d'une façon d'agir qui est renforcée par l'entreprise elle-même, par l'attitude individuelle et par les circonstances ambiantes. Quelques-uns ont compris le problème et mis au point des trucs qui raffermissent l'assiduité. En voici quelques-uns:Le système loterie: Tous les employés qui ont un dossier d'assiduité et de ponctualité parfait courent la chance d'obtenir une récompense mensuelle de cent dollars. Dans cette entreprise, le taux d'absentéisme a baissé de trente pour cent en moins d'un an. (Johnson et Wallin, 1976).La partie de poker. Chaque employé d'un service choisit une carte dans un paquet chaque jour de la semaine, celui qui a la meilleure main dans chaque service gagne vingt dollars. Dans cette société, l'absentéisme a baissé de 3.01 à 2.31 pour cent en trois mois. (Pedalino et Gambro, 1974).Le truc du chapeau. On tire les noms des employés de tous les services à la fin de chaque semaine. Le tirage continue jusqu'à ce que l'on tombe sur le nom d'un employé dont le dossier est parfait. Cet employé touche cent dollars. En un certain nombre de mois, l'absentéisme est tombé de dix à cinq pour cent. (Financial Post, octobre 1975).Ces méthodes montrent que le renforcement pratique de l'assiduité bien comprise peut avoir une influence certaine sur les habitudes de présence et de ponctualité au travail.This study investigated factors leading to absenteeism in a large auto plant employing about 1,000 workers. The hypotheses examined dealt with the effect on absenteeism of: the skill required for the job, the worker's age and health, and the base pay rate. The initial analysis proved opposite of what is usually found. An additional factor was examined: the ability of the worker to control the amount of overtime he worked. The data then showed that the worker who is able to achieve a set income for the fewest days in attendance by working overtime, uses this device to spend less time on the job. Ideas were also presented to show that positive reinforcement of good attendance can result in decreased absenteeism

The underactive bladder: detection and diagnosis.

The inability to generate a voiding contraction sufficient to allow efficient bladder emptying within a reasonable time frame is a common problem seen in urological practice. Typically, the symptoms that arise are voiding symptoms, such as weak and slow urinary flow. These symptoms can cause considerable bother to patients and impact upon quality of life. The urodynamic finding of inadequate detrusor contraction has been termed detrusor underactivity (DUA). Although a definition is available for this entity, there are no widely accepted diagnostic criteria. Drawing parallels to detrusor overactivity and the overactive bladder, the symptoms arising from DUA have been referred to as the "underactive bladder" (UAB), while attempts to crystallize the definition of UAB are now ongoing. In this article, we review the contemporary literature pertaining to the epidemiology and etiopathogenesis of DUA as well as discuss the definitional aspects that are currently under consideration

Unpacking the drivers of corporate social performance: a multilevel, multistakeholder, and multimethod analysis

The question of what drives corporate social performance (CSP) has become a vital concern for many managers and researchers of large corporations. This study addresses this question by adopting a multilevel, multistakeholder, and multimethod approach to theorize and estimate the relative influence of macro (national business system and country), meso (industry), and micro (firm-level) factors on CSP. Applying three different methods of variance decomposition analysis to an international sample of 2,060 large public companies over a time span of 5 years, our results show that firm-level factors explain the largest proportion of variance in aggregate CSP as well as CSP oriented toward communities, the natural environment, and employees. These results support our hypotheses according to which CSP is not primarily driven by macrolevel or meso level factors, except for shareholder-oriented CSP, which is relatively more influenced by country-level factors. As a whole, our findings also point to the value of subdividing CSP into its stakeholder-specific components as this disaggregation allows for a more careful examination of distinct drivers of distinct aspects of CSP

The Oral-Vascular-Pulmonary Infection Route:a Pathogenic Mechanism Linking Oral Health Status to Acute and Post-Acute COVID-19

Purpose of Review: In recent years, much attention has focused on the role of poor oral health in the development or worsening of systemic diseases, including COVID-19. The mouth is an important site of cellular infection early in the disease course of COVID-19. We review how oral pathology, and specifically viral infection within the oral cavity, may mediate the disease severity and duration of COVID-19. In particular, the previously reported model of SARS-CoV-2 vascular delivery from the mouth to the lungs via the bloodstream is revisited.Recent Findings: We previously proposed that an oral-vascular-pulmonary route of infection could facilitate severe lung disease in COVID-19. This pathway could also explain the vital link between periodontitis and COVID-19 severity, including higher mortality risk. This model of pathogenesis is reconsidered in light of recent findings regarding the involvement of the mouth as a viral reservoir, and pathological processes in the blood, pulmonary vasculature, and elsewhere in the body. Oral dysbiosis in COVID-19 and the effect of oral hygiene in mitigating disease severity are discussed. The evidence for viral persistence in the mouth and intravascular viral passage from the mouth to the rest of the body via blood is also discussed in the context of post-acute COVID (long COVID).Summary: High viral load in the mouth and poor oral health status are associated with COVID-19 disease severity, increasing the risk of death. Pathophysiological links between viral activity in the mouth, oral health status, and disease outcome in the lungs and blood provide a rationale for further evaluation of the oral-vascular-systemic pathway in patients with acute COVID-19 and long COVID. The potential benefits of oral hygiene protocols and periodontal procedures in COVID-19 also warrant further investigation

Is there a link between overactive bladder and the metabolic syndrome in women? : A systematic review of observational studies

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.To conduct a systematic review to determine whether there is an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or overactive bladder (OAB) in women. We systematically reviewed English language observational studies on the effect of MetS (or component factors) on the presence of OAB or LUTS in women. We searched PubMed, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library with no date restrictions, checked reference lists and undertook citation searches in PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies were assessed for risk of bias. Because of heterogeneity, results were not pooled, but are reported narrativelyPeer reviewe

The Oral-Vascular-Pulmonary Infection Route:a Pathogenic Mechanism Linking Oral Health Status to Acute and Post-Acute COVID-19

Purpose of Review: In recent years, much attention has focused on the role of poor oral health in the development or worsening of systemic diseases, including COVID-19. The mouth is an important site of cellular infection early in the disease course of COVID-19. We review how oral pathology, and specifically viral infection within the oral cavity, may mediate the disease severity and duration of COVID-19. In particular, the previously reported model of SARS-CoV-2 vascular delivery from the mouth to the lungs via the bloodstream is revisited.Recent Findings: We previously proposed that an oral-vascular-pulmonary route of infection could facilitate severe lung disease in COVID-19. This pathway could also explain the vital link between periodontitis and COVID-19 severity, including higher mortality risk. This model of pathogenesis is reconsidered in light of recent findings regarding the involvement of the mouth as a viral reservoir, and pathological processes in the blood, pulmonary vasculature, and elsewhere in the body. Oral dysbiosis in COVID-19 and the effect of oral hygiene in mitigating disease severity are discussed. The evidence for viral persistence in the mouth and intravascular viral passage from the mouth to the rest of the body via blood is also discussed in the context of post-acute COVID (long COVID).Summary: High viral load in the mouth and poor oral health status are associated with COVID-19 disease severity, increasing the risk of death. Pathophysiological links between viral activity in the mouth, oral health status, and disease outcome in the lungs and blood provide a rationale for further evaluation of the oral-vascular-systemic pathway in patients with acute COVID-19 and long COVID. The potential benefits of oral hygiene protocols and periodontal procedures in COVID-19 also warrant further investigation