Effect of Bacillus circulans and fructooligosaccharide supplementation on growth and haemato-immunological function of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings exposed to sub-lethal nitrite stress

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a probiotic strain, Bacillus circulans (BC) and prebiotics fructooligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation in Labeo rohita fingerlings subjected to sub-lethal nitrite stress. Earlier a sixty days feeding trial was conducted using eight experimental diets viz. T1 (106 cfu/g BC+0%FOS), T2 (108 cfu/g BC+0% FOS), T3 (0BC+1%FOS), T4 (0BC+2%FOS), , T5 (106 cfu/g BC + 1% FOS), T6 (106 cfu/g BC+2% FOS), T7 (108 cfu/g BC+1%FOS), T8 (108 cfu/g BC+2%FOS) & control (0BC+0%FOS) assigned to triplicate groups. After the initial experiment, fishes were subjected to sub-lethal nitrite (1/5 96 h LC50 = 2.08 mg/L) for another 30 days. At the end of the experiment growth and feed utilization parameters viz. weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) & survival percentage were calculated. Haemato-immunological parameters viz. total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) values, lysozyme and respiratory burst activity were assayed after exposure to stress. Growth and feed utilization was significantly (p < 0.05) better in probiotic fed groups at all level of supplementation whereas prebiotics supplementation at 2% level had negative impact. Percentage survival was also better in the supplemented groups with highest survival observed in T4 group. Similarly, post challenge haemato-immunological parameters were better in supplemented group compared to control and higher levels were observed in combination groups (T4 and T5). From the present investigation, it can be concluded that probiotic B. circulans and prebiotics FOS supplementation improves immune status and thereby conferring better protection of L. rohita under sub-lethal nitrite stress

Length–weight relationships of seven small indigenous fish species from the Tapti River in peninsular India

Length–weight relationships of seven small indigenous fishes collected from the middle and lower stretch of the Tapti River in India were determined. The specimens were caught with drag nets (0 mm mesh size), gill nets (10–20 mm knot-to-knot mesh length) and scoop nets (0 mm) from the Maharashtra, and Gujarat state stretches of the Tapti River from November 2018 to December 2019. Digital calliper and digital balances were used to measure the total length (TL) and body weight (BW) of all fish specimens respectively. The growth coefficient b varied from 2.758 (Parambassis ranga) to 3.298 (Osteobrama cotio), and the LWRs were highly significant (p < .005). The present study established LWRs for the first time for seven fish species in the respective riverine habitat, including providing a new maximum length record for Corica soborna. The results of the present study will be useful for sustainable management and conservation of respective species in the river and its associated waterbodies

Microwave assisted synthesis of dihydrobenzo4,5imidazo1,2-apyrimidin-4- ones; {Synthesis}, in vitro antimicrobial and anticancer activities of novel coumarin substituted dihydrobenzo4,5imidazo1,2-apyrimidin-4-ones

The present article describes the synthesis of dihydrobenzo4,5imidazo1, 2-apyrimidin-4-one (2a-h) under microwave irradiation. The product was obtained in excellent yield (74-94\%) in a shorter reaction time (2 min). These molecules (2a, b) further reacted with various substituted 4-bromomethylcoumarins (3a-f) to yield a new series of coumarin substituted dihydrobenzo4,5imidazo1,2-a pyrimidin-4-ones (4a-h). The structure of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral studies and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and three Gram-negative bacteria viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicilliumchrysogenum and anticancer activity against Dalton's Ascitic Lymphoma (DAL) cell line. In general, all the compounds possessed better antifungal properties than antibacterial properties. The coumarin substituted dihydrobenzo4,5imidazo1,2- apyrimidin-4-one (4g) (R = i-Pr, R1 = 6-Cl) was found to be the most potent cytotoxic compound (88\%) against Dalton's Ascitic Lymphoma cell line at the concentration of 100 μg/mL

Microwave assisted synthesis of dihydrobenzo4,5imidazo1,2-apyrimidin-4- ones; {Synthesis}, in vitro antimicrobial and anticancer activities of novel coumarin substituted dihydrobenzo4,5imidazo1,2-apyrimidin-4-ones

The present article describes the synthesis of dihydrobenzo4,5imidazo1, 2-apyrimidin-4-one (2a-h) under microwave irradiation. The product was obtained in excellent yield (74-94\%) in a shorter reaction time (2 min). These molecules (2a, b) further reacted with various substituted 4-bromomethylcoumarins (3a-f) to yield a new series of coumarin substituted dihydrobenzo4,5imidazo1,2-a pyrimidin-4-ones (4a-h). The structure of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral studies and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and three Gram-negative bacteria viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicilliumchrysogenum and anticancer activity against Dalton's Ascitic Lymphoma (DAL) cell line. In general, all the compounds possessed better antifungal properties than antibacterial properties. The coumarin substituted dihydrobenzo4,5imidazo1,2- apyrimidin-4-one (4g) (R = i-Pr, R1 = 6-Cl) was found to be the most potent cytotoxic compound (88\%) against Dalton's Ascitic Lymphoma cell line at the concentration of 100 μg/mL

Neuraminidase inhibitors susceptibility profiles of highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from avian species in India (2006–2015).

Not AvailableWe tested 65 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses, isolated from avian species in India between 2006 and 2015, for susceptibility to the FDA approved neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs), oseltamivir and zanamivir using a phenotypic fluorescence-based assay. The overall incidence of resistant variants among HPAI A(H5N1) viruses was 7.69% (5/65). The NA inhibition assay identified 3 viruses resistant to oseltamivir (N294S substitution, N2 numbering) and 2 cross-resistant to oseltamivir and zanamivir (E119A or I117V+E119A substitutions), all of which belonged to hemagglutinin (HA) clade 2.2 (5/17) and predominantly circulated in Indian poultry during 2006–2010. In comparison to E119A substitution alone, viruses with I117V+E119A double substitutions showed greater reduction in susceptibility to both oseltamivir and zanamivir. The NAI resistance-associated NA markers, identified in this study, were as a result of naturally occurring mutations. Of note, 48 viruses of HA clade 2.3.2.1 that circulated in Indian poultry during 2011–2015 were susceptible to both oseltamivir and zanamivir. It is essential to monitor NAI susceptibility among human and avian HPAI A(H5N1) viruses that would provide baseline data to develop strategies for pandemic preparedness and therapeutic interventions.Not Availabl

Screening of China Aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.)] Genotypes and F1 Hybrids against Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease

Leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler is a threat of China aster cultivation and is capable of causing yield losses in all production regions. The experiment was undertaken to screen genotypes and F1 hybrids which would be helpful in developing Alternaria leaf spot resistance varieties in later years. AAC-1 was found to be resistant against Alternaria leaf spot in both field and control conditions. In natural disease pressure, Arka Kamini, Arka Shashank and Arka Poornima recorded to be moderately susceptible, susceptible and highly susceptible to Alternaria leaf spot, respectively. However, in artificially inoculated condition, Arka Kamini showed susceptible reaction. Among F1 hybrids, AAC-1 x Arka Kamini and Arka Kamini x AAC-1 showed moderately resistant reaction; AAC-1 x Arka Poornima, AAC-1 x Arka Shashank, Arka Poornima x AAC-1, Arka Shashank x AAC-1 showed moderately susceptible disease reaction for Alternaria leaf spot