Sedimentary Petrology, Depositional Environment and Paleogeographic Significance of the Upper Eocene Hoko River Formation, Northern Olympic Peninsula, Washington

The upper Eocene Hoko River Formation is the oldest formation of the Twin River Group. Exposures dipping to the northeast and north run across the northern Olympic Peninsula. The Hoko River Formation is composed of siltstone, turbidites, channel conglomerates and debris flows. The sandstones are lithic-arenites and -graywackes and are composed of fine to very coarse, moderately well sorted to poorly sorted sand. The dominant cement is calcite with minor polycrystalline quartz and zeolite cements. The average composition of the sandstones is quartz (Q) = 29%+14, feldspar (F) = 15%+9, and lithics (L) = 55%+12. Comparison of these data to the tectonic provenance fields of ternary diagrams indicates a mixed tectonic source. The lithic population of the sandstones contains 21%+15 polycrystalline quartz (Qp)/ 43%+20 volcanic and metavolcanic lithics (Lvm) and 36%+14 sedimentary and metasedimentary lithics (Lsm). These lithics occur in decreasing order of abundance: metasediments, basalt, chert, polycrystalline quartz, felsic and intermediate plutonics, volcanic glass, felsic and intermediate volcanics, metavolcanics and gabbro and diabase. A slight increase in chert and polycrystalline quartz was found in the Elwah River and Morse Creek sections. The Morse Creek section also showed an enrichment of volcanic glass fragments. Of the possible source areas for the Hoko River Formation, southern and central Vancouver Island are favored because all of the lithic types found in the Hoko River Formation are present. The lack of high pressure, low temperature metamorphic mineral assemblages typical of the San Juan Islands and the northwest Cascade mountains is the primary basis for excluding these areas as sediment sources of the Hoko River Formation. Sediment shed from the Coast Plutonic Complex would have contained much more potassium feldspar than the minor amounts found in the Hoko River Fomation (0.5 % + 1). The Olympic Core and Ozette terranes contain sufficient metasediment, basalt and polycrystalline quartz, but lack the other components. In addition, paleocurrent data suggest flow from the west and north to the east. The Hoko River Formation was deposited in a submarine fan complex in middle-fan channel, outer middle-fan, and middle-fan depositional lobe environments, except at the most western section, Neah Bay, where a transgression of middle-fan channel deposits over inner-fan channel deposits occurs. Subsidence of that portion of the depositional basin is indicated. The Hoko River Formation was deposited in the Juan de Fuca basin, separate from the basin in which the Chuckanut Formation and its distal equivalents were deposited. A comparison of petrologic data from the Chuckanut and Hoko River Formations shows they are clearly unrelated. Nor is the Hoko River Formation the distal equivalent of the Puget Sequence or the upper Eocene rocks of the Olympic Core. Based on similar depositional environments, Escalante Formation of the Caramanah Group may be a proximal equivalent of the Hoko River Formation

Positive coexistence of water voles and beaver: water vole expansion in a beaver engineered wetland

This is the final version. Available on open access from the Mammal Society via the DOI in this recordWater voles (Arvicola amphibius) are critically endangered in Great Britain and there is a pressing need for successful conservation strategies. Meanwhile, another semi-aquatic rodent, the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) is being restored to much of its native range including Great Britain. Beavers are known as ecosystem engineers and keystone species, creating wetland habitats. As part of the River Otter Beaver Trial in South-West England, free-living beavers were reintroduced in a location where water vole were present and being surveyed. Here, we present survey data showing the expansion of water vole into newly beaver engineered wetland areas. We propose that complex beaver wetlands may benefit water vole populations by creating new habitat and providing refuge from predation, warranting further investigation as a nature recovery option

Determination of the pion charge form factor for Q^2=0.60-1.60 GeV^2

The data analysis for the reaction H(e,e' pi^+)n, which was used to determine values for the charged pion form factor Fpi for values of Q^2=0.6-1.6 GeV^2, has been repeated with careful inspection of all steps and special attention to systematic uncertainties. Also the method used to extract Fpi from the measured longitudinal cross section was critically reconsidered. Final values for the separated longitudinal and transverse cross sections and the extracted values of Fpi are presented.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure

Value of formalisation for women entrepreneurs in developing contexts: a review and research agenda

Formalisation is constantly being proposed as of great benefit to business expansion and success. This claim however has not been previously tested through a review of the empirical evidence, especially in relation to the large number of women in the developing world that operate in the informal economy. Therefore, our aim in this review is to systematise the current empirical evidence on gender, the informal economy and formalisation using a narrative synthesis of 76 papers. The papers were analysed along three main analytical themes – identity, institutions and, constraints and preferences, highlighting their conceptualisation in studies of different academic disciplines – economics, sociology, entrepreneurship and development. The review calls for more accurate accounts of formalisation decisions by widening the lens through which formalisations decisions are conceptualised. These should take account of the rich contextual and temporal dimensions central to these decisions, and recognise that gender alone is not a sufficient factor in explaining women’s choices in the informal economy. The review also highlights limitations in relation to the limited conceptual and empirical evidence on which development priorities such as formalisation are set. We propose a research agenda that centres on the need for conceptual frameworks that are more sensitive towards the multi-dimensional contexts of women’s choices

Measurement of the Charged Pion Electromagnetic Form Factor

Separated longitudinal and transverse structure functions for the reaction 1H(e,eprime pi+)n were measured in the momentum transfer region Q2=0.6-1.6 (GeV/c)**2 at a value of the invariant mass W=1.95 GeV. New values for the pion charge form factor were extracted from the longitudinal cross section by using a recently developed Regge model. The results indicate that the pion form factor in this region is larger than previously assumed and is consistent with a monopole parameterization fitted to very low Q2 elastic data.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure