30 research outputs found

    Environmental context of endophyte symbioses: Interacting effects of water stress and insect herbivory

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    Symbiotic associations between grasses and fungal endophytes are generally regarded as mutualistic, yet benefits to host plants may vary with environmental context. Previous studies have emphasized how endophytes influence plant responses to single stressors. In contrast, the outcome of endophyte-grass interactions under simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses remains poorly explored. We hypothesized that benefits from endophyte symbiosis become most apparent in "complex" environments where hosts experience multiple stresses. We evaluated the performance of endophyte-infected (E+) vs. endophyte-uninfected (E-) Lolium multiflorum plants in a factorial experiment with water supply (control vs. drought) and insect herbivory (with aphids vs. without aphids). Endophyte infection delayed tiller production in well-watered plants, while water stress reduced tillering in E- plants. Endophyte mediation of herbivory tolerance was contingent on water supply. Whereas aphid herbivory was detrimental to E+ plants in well-watered soils, aphids interacted with drought stress in decreasing the reproductive output of E- but not E+ plants. Moreover, endophyte presence decreased aphid densities on drought-stressed plants only. Thus, endophyte symbiosis enhanced host tolerance to overlapping biotic and abiotic stresses, although infected plants failed to outgrow their uninfected counterparts. These results support the view that mutualistic endophyte effects may not arise in low-stress environments. 漏 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.Fil: Miranda, M. Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Omacini, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin

    Impacto de la deposici贸n de ceniza volc谩nica sobre la productividad foliar y la herbivor铆a por insectos en bosques deciduos del norte de la Patagonia

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    Volcanism has been a major force shaping the dynamics of Andean landscapes during the Holocene. Yet we still know little about the consequences of modern volcanic events on forest functioning. Ash fall may elicit multiple direct and indirect effects on key ecosystem attributes, with disturbance severity likely varying with distance to the crater. We examined the impact of ash deposition on foliage productivity and insect herbivory after the 2011 eruption of the Volc谩n Puyehue-Cord贸n Caulle system, in Nothofagus pumilio forests of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Tree leaf litterfall, a surrogate for annual foliar production, was measured before and after the event in wet and dry forest sites, which were located 22 km and 80 km east from the crater and were affected by mass deposition of coarse- and fine-grained tephra, respectively. Leaf damage by insects was monitored over a 10-year span (2004-2013) including the volcanic event. Foliar productivity in 2012 dropped by 60% in the wet forest, but did not change in the dry forest. Leaf area damaged by insects decreased abruptly in 2012, with post-eruption herbivory levels falling outside the range of annual variation recorded before the event. The impact was most severe in the dry forest wich normally supports the highest endemic herbivory. In contrast, leaf damage remained high in another dry forest located 98 km southeast from the crater and little affected by ashfall. Changes in foliar production and insect herbivory persisted for two years after the event. Our results show a widespread disruption of canopy-herbivore interactions in areas heavily affected by tephra. Remarkably, volcanic ash acted as a broad-spectrum insecticide on canopy herbivores. In the short-term, ashfall constrained the energy flow through the forest canopy and the arthropod consumer community, and thus temporarily overwhelmed previously existing differences in productivity and herbivory between wet and dry forest habitats.Impacto de la deposici贸n de ceniza volc谩nica sobre la productividad foliar y la herbivor铆a por insectos en bosques deciduos del norte de la Patagonia: El vulcanismo ha moldeado la din谩mica de los paisajes andinos durante todo el Holoceno. Sin embargo, a煤n se conoce poco sobre las consecuencias de eventos volc谩nicos modernos en el funcionamiento de los bosques nativos. La ca铆da masiva de cenizas puede generar m煤ltiples efectos directos e indirectos sobre procesos clave del ecosistema. Aqu铆 evaluamos el impacto de la deposici贸n de cenizas emitidas por la erupci贸n del complejo Volc谩n Puyehue-Cord贸n Caulle en junio de 2011, sobre la productividad foliar y la herbivor铆a por insectos del dosel en bosques de Nothofagus pumilio del norte de la Patagonia Argentina. La producci贸n de hojas fue medida antes y despu茅s de la erupci贸n, en bosques h煤medos y secos situados a 22 y 80 km del volc谩n y afectados por la ca铆da de pumicita gruesa y fina, respectivamente. El 谩rea foliar da帽ada por insectos fue monitoreada durante 10 a帽os (2004-2013), incluyendo al evento volc谩nico. La productividad foliar en 2012 cay贸 un 60% en el bosque h煤medo pero no cambi贸 en el bosque seco. El da帽o foliar se redujo abruptamente en 2012; los niveles de herbivor铆a post-erupci贸n cayeron por debajo del rango de variaci贸n interanual registrado antes de la erupci贸n. El impacto fue m谩s severo en el bosque seco, donde los niveles end茅micos de herbivor铆a son m谩s elevados. En cambio, la herbivor铆a se mantuvo elevada en otro bosque seco localizado a 98 km del cr谩ter y que recibi贸 pocas cenizas. Los cambios en productividad y herbivor铆a persistieron por dos a帽os despu茅s del evento. Estos resultados muestran una fuerte disrupci贸n de las interacciones planta-herb铆voro en 谩reas boscosas afectadas por la erupci贸n volc谩nica. Las cenizas actuaron como un biocida de amplio espectro sobre los insectos defoliadores. En el corto plazo, la deposici贸n de cenizas limit贸 el flujo de energ铆a a trav茅s del dosel arb贸reo y hacia los consumidores artr贸podos.Fil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas A la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Maz铆a, Noem铆. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Departamento de Producci贸n Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas; ArgentinaFil: Chaij, Jaquelina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Departamento de Producci贸n Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Kitzberger, Thomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaci贸n en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

    Volcanic ash deposition modulates leaf-litter decomposition in Nothofagus dombeyi forests of NW Patagonia

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    Los disturbios generados por erupciones volc谩nicas son parte de la din谩mica natural de los ecosistemas. La formaci贸n de suelo y el reciclado de nutrientes dependen de la descomposici贸n tanto de la materia org谩nica enterrada bajo las cenizas, como de la broza vegetal aportada luego del disturbio. Este trabajo examin贸 la descomposici贸n de hojarasca en bosques de coihue (Nothofagus dombeyi) afectados por la deposici贸n de cenizas emitidas en 2011 por el complejo Volc谩n Puyehue-Cord贸n Caulle en la Patagonia. El estudio incluy贸 dos sitios a diferentes distancias del volc谩n, con distinta cantidad de cenizas y precipitaci贸n anual (1600?1900 mm/a帽o). En cada sitio se marcaron dos parcelas, una con presencia y otra con ausencia de pastoreo de vacunos (>50 a帽os). En cada parcela se determin贸 la p茅rdida de masa de hojarasca de coihue luego de un a帽o de incubaci贸n, en tres posiciones (n=8 bloques/parcela): sobre suelo bajo cenizas, sobre suelo sin cenizas y sobre las cenizas. La hojarasca bajo cenizas se descompuso un 74% m谩s r谩pido en el sitio m谩s h煤medo que en el m谩s seco. La descomposici贸n fue m谩s lenta sobre la capa de cenizas que sobre el suelo org谩nico, y ese efecto fue m谩s evidente en el sitio m谩s cercano al volc谩n, que en el m谩s alejado (19% vs. 9%). La descomposici贸n sobre el suelo fue equivalente en los tratamientos con y sin la capa superficial de cenizas. La descomposici贸n fue menor en parcelas con vs. sin pastoreo, pero la influencia de pastoreo no modific贸 las diferencias de descomposici贸n entre posiciones sobre cenizas vs. sobre el suelo. Los resultados muestran que la comunidad de descomponedores se mantiene activa en suelos de bosques con deposici贸n de cenizas, lo que contribuir铆a a mantener el suministro de nutrientes para la vegetaci贸n luego de la erupci贸n volc谩nica.Disturbances produced by volcanic eruptions are part of natural ecosystem dynamics. Soil formation and nutrient cycling depend on the decomposition both of organic matter buried under the ashes and on the litter produced after the disturbance. Here we evaluated leaf litter decomposition in Nothofagus dombeyi (coihue) forests affected by massive ash deposition from the 2011 eruption of the Volc谩n Puyehue-Cord贸n Caulle complex in NW Patagonia, Argentina. The study comprised two sites at different distances from the volcano, with different amounts of ash and annual precipitation (1600-1900 mm/year). In each site, two plots were delimited, with and without long-term livestock grazing (>50 years). N. dombeyi litter mass loss after one year was estimated in three positions (n = 8 blocks/plot): on organic soil and under the ash layer, on organic soil after removal of ashes, and on top of the ash layer. Leaf litter beneath the ash layer was decomposed 74% faster in the wetter site than in the drier site. Decomposition was generally slower onto the ash layer surface than on the organic soil, and this effect was stronger in the wetter site near the volcano than in the driest and farthest site (19% vs. 9%). Litter decomposition on the soil layer was equivalent to treatments with or without the ash surface. Decomposition was slower in livestock-occupied plots than in livestock-free plots, but livestock history did not affect litter decomposition of ash topped soil vs. lower soil organic layers. Our results show that decomposer communities remain active in forest soils under ash-fall layers, thus maintaining nutrient supply to vegetation after volcanic eruptions.Fil: Piazza, Mar铆a Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Kitzberger, Thomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin

    Impactos ecol贸gicos del ganado extensivo en bosques de coihue

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    Este proyecto investig贸 algunos de los impactos asociados con la presencia hist贸rica de ganado bovino en bosques nativos de coihue (Nothofagus dombeyi) del norte de la Patagonia Andina. Para ello se compararon sitios apareados que fueron ocupados por ganado o permanecieron libres de ganado por m谩s de 50 a帽os, a lo largo de un gradiente regional de humedad. La cobertura del sotobosque fue reducida a la mitad en presencia de ganado extensivo, mientras que la composici贸n de especies se diferenci贸 un 60-90% entre sitios con y sin ganado. Los cambios flor铆sticos m谩s notables se observaron en el extremo m谩s h煤medo del gradiente. La presencia de ganado alter贸 las condiciones microambientales; aument贸 la radiaci贸n solar que atraves贸 el sotobosque y la densidad aparente del suelo, mientras que redujo la actividad microbiana. Adem谩s, el pastoreo retard贸 la descomposici贸n y el reciclado de nitr贸geno de la hojarasca del sotobosque. Estos cambios reflejaron el impacto selectivo del ganado en la composici贸n y diversidad de especies, lo que determin贸 una reducci贸n de la calidad de la hojarasca disponible para la biota del suelo. En conclusi贸n, la presencia de ganado extensivo reduce la biodiversidad estructural y flor铆stica del bosque, lo cual tiene consecuencias importantes para el funcionamiento del ecosistema.The present study assessed the impacts generated by the long-term presence of domestic cattle in native evergreen forests (Nothofagus dombeyi) of the northern Patagonian Andes, Argentina. We compared paired sites that were historically used by or remained free of livestock for more than 50 years along a regional moisture gradient. Understory plant cover was reduced by livestock to half the cover in control sites, while species composition differed by 60-90% between browsed and unbrowsed forests. Floristic change was greatest towards the moister end of the regional gradient. Micro-environmental conditions were also altered; livestock presence increased sunlight penetration through the understory, led to greater soil compaction, and reduced soil microbial activity. In addition, livestock herbivory decelerated decomposition and nitrogen turnover in the litter produced by understory species. These changes reflected the selective impact of cattle browsing on understory species composition and diversity, and a concomitant decrease in the quality of leaf litter available to soil biota. We conclude that livestock disturbance reduces forest structural and floristic biodiversity, and has significant consequences on ecosystem functioning.Fil: Piazza, Mar铆a Victoria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de R铆o Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecolog铆a y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Kitzberger, Thomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin

    Environmental heterogeneity modulates the effect of plant diversity on the spatial variability of grassland biomass

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    Plant productivity varies due to environmental heterogeneity, and theory suggests that plant diversity can reduce this variation. While there is strong evidence of diversity effects on temporal variability of productivity, whether this mechanism extends to variability across space remains elusive. Here we determine the relationship between plant diversity and spatial variability of productivity in 83 grasslands, and quantify the effect of experimentally increased spatial heterogeneity in environmental conditions on this relationship. We found that communities with higher plant species richness (alpha and gamma diversity) have lower spatial variability of productivity as reduced abundance of some species can be compensated for by increased abundance of other species. In contrast, high species dissimilarity among local communities (beta diversity) is positively associated with spatial variability of productivity, suggesting that changes in species composition can scale up to affect productivity. Experimentally increased spatial environmental heterogeneity weakens the effect of plant alpha and gamma diversity, and reveals that beta diversity can simultaneously decrease and increase spatial variability of productivity. Our findings unveil the generality of the diversity-stability theory across space, and suggest that reduced local diversity and biotic homogenization can affect the spatial reliability of key ecosystem functions.Fil: Daleo, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Alberti, Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Iribarne, Oscar Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Tognetti, Pedro Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Bakker, Jonathan. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Borer, Elizabeth. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Bruschetti, Carlos Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: MacDougall, Andrew S.. University Of Guelph. Department Of Integrative Biology.; Canad谩Fil: Pascual, Jesus Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Sankaran, Mahesh. University of Leeds; Reino Unido. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; IndiaFil: Seabloom, Eric. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Wang, Shaopeng. Peking University; ChinaFil: Bagchi, Sumanta. Indian Institute of Science; IndiaFil: Brudvig, Lars A.. Michigan State University; Estados UnidosFil: Catford, Jane A.. University of Melbourne; Australia. Kings College London (kcl);Fil: Dickman, Chris R.. The University Of Sydney; AustraliaFil: Dickson, Tymothy L.. University of Nebraska; Estados UnidosFil: Donohue, Ian. Trinity College Dublin; Reino UnidoFil: Eisenhauer, Nico. Universitat Leipzig; Alemania. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; AlemaniaFil: Gruner, Daniel S.. University of Maryland; Estados UnidosFil: Haider, Sylvia. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania. Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Alemania. Leuphana University of L眉neburg; AlemaniaFil: Jentsch, Anke. University of Bayreuth; AlemaniaFil: Knops, Johannes M. H.. Xi鈥檃n Jiaotong-Liverpool University; ChinaFil: Lekberg, Ylva. University of Montana; Estados UnidosFil: McCulley, Rebecca L.. University of Kentucky; Estados UnidosFil: Moore, Joslin L.. University of Melbourne; Australia. Monash University; Australia. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; AustraliaFil: Mortensen, Brent. Benedictine College; Estados UnidosFil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog铆a Agropecuaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rocca, Camila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin

    Community disassembly and invasion of remnant native grasslands under fluctuating resource supply

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    1. Native vegetation fragments embedded in anthropogenic landscapes are increasingly threatened by land-use intensification. Managing disturbance regimes and nutrient inputs may help maintain species diversity in such remnants. Yet it is unclear the extent to which changes in resource availability due to reduced capture by resident plants and/or increased supply rates may trigger native community disassembly and exotic invasions. 2. We examined how mowing disturbance and N fertilizer addition affected plant community recovery after a burning event in a remnant corridor of tussock pampa grassland in Argentina. The percentage cover and richness of native and exotic plant functional groups were monitored over four years. According to the ?fluctuating resource theory?, we expected invasion to be highest when both light and N availability were increased simultaneously. 3. Mowing delayed recovery by dominant C4 tussock grasses and promoted subordinate, native C3 grasses and exotic legumes, thus enhancing both native and exotic species richness. Fertilization induced a transient increase in native forbs but decreased total plant richness. Moreover, N addition to mowed grassland led to rapid invasion by short-lived exotic forbs, which were then replaced by exotic perennial grasses. Exotic grasses eventually spread across the grassland corridor, although at different rates depending on the treatment, and in parallel to a generalized decline in native species cover. 4. Synthesis and applications. Community disassembly patterns reflected differential responses of native and exotic functional groups to altered resource supply rates. Synergisms between canopy disturbances and N enrichment posed the greatest threat to preserving a pampa grassland remnant prone to invasion. Establishing buffer zones may be required to enhance the viability of corridor-like grassland remnants in agricultural landscapes.Fil: Tognetti, Pedro Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Departamento de M茅todos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Informaci贸n; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin

    Invasive exotic grasses and seed arrival limit native species establishment in an old-field grassland succession

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    Plant communities developing in abandoned semi-natural areas are being increasingly dominated by invasive exotic species. How these 'novel residents' affect re-colonisation by native perennial species, a process generally assumed to be seed limited, remains little explored. We examined the relative roles of dominant exotic grasses and seed dispersal in limiting the richness and abundance of native perennial grasses in an old-field grassland community. We also tested whether native grass recruitment depended on the identity of resident exotic species. A seed addition, single-pulse removal experiment was established in a 20 year old field in the Inland Pampa of Argentina. Seeds of seven native perennial grasses from a nearby relict grassland were sown into intact and disturbed patches dominated by one of four exotic grasses. Species richness and biomass were measured after 2 years from sowing. Seed addition alone had little effect on native grass richness or biomass, with only one sown grass establishing in intact patches. Native grasses successfully colonised disturbed patches dominated by the exotics Lolium multiflorum, Cynodon dactylon or Sorghum halepense. In contrast, patches dominated by Festuca arundinacea repelled sown native grasses, regardless of disturbance treatment. Seed addition increased total plant richness in both disturbed and intact patches but did not affect total aboveground biomass. Our results show that recovery of native grasses during old-field succession is hierarchically constrained by seed arrival and site pre-emption by exotic grasses. Thus, re-establishment of native grass assemblages may only occur at the expense of displacing exotic resident plants. This highlights the importance of niche-limited species assembly in novel, native/exotic plant communities.Fil: Tognetti, Pedro Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Departamento de M茅todos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Informaci贸n; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Departamento de M茅todos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Informaci贸n; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin

    Inherited fungal symbionts enhance establishment of an invasive annual grass across successional habitats

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    Plants infected with vertically transmitted fungal endophytes carry their microbial symbionts with them during dispersal into new areas. Yet, whether seed-borne endophytes enhance the host plant's ability to overcome colonisation barriers and to regenerate within invaded sites remains poorly understood. We examined how symbiosis with asexual endophytic fungi (Neotyphodium) affected establishment and seed loss to predators in the invasive annual grass Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) across contrasting successional plots. Italian ryegrass seeds with high and low endophyte incidence were sown into three communities: a 1-year-old fallow field, a 15-year-old grassland, and a 24-year-old forest, which conformed to an old-field chronosequence in the eastern Inland Pampa, Argentina. We found that endophyte infection consistently increased host population recruitment and reproductive output. Endophyte presence also enhanced aerial biomass production of ryegrass in a low recruitment year but not in a high recruitment year, suggesting that symbiotic effects on growth performance are density dependent. Endophyte presence reduced seed removal by rodents, although differential predation may not account for the increased success of infected grass populations. Overall, there was no statistical evidence for an endophyte-by-site interaction, indicating that the fungal endosymbiont benefitted host establishment regardless of large differences in biotic and abiotic environment among communities. Our results imply that hereditary endophytes may increase the chances for host grass species to pass various ecological filters associated with invasion resistance across a broad range of successional habitats.Fil: Uchitel, Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Omacini, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin

    Environmental and genetic control of insect abundance and herbivory along a forest elevational gradient

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    Environmental conditions and plant genotype may in铿倁ence insect herbivory along elevational gradients. Plant damage would decrease with elevation as temperature declines to suboptimal levels for insects. However, host plants at higher elevations may exhibit traits that either reduce or enhance leaf quality to insects, with uncertain net effects on herbivory. We examined folivory, insect abundance and leaf traits along six replicated elevational ranges in Nothofagus pumilio forests of the northern Patagonian Andes, Argentina. We also conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment between low- and high-elevation sites to test the extent of environmental and plant genetic control on insect abundance and folivory. We found that insect abundance, leaf size and speci铿乧 leaf area decreased, whereas foliar phosphorous content increased, from low-, through mid- to high-elevation sites. Path analysis indicated that changes in both insect abundance and leaf traits were important in reducing folivory with increasing elevation and decreasing mean temperature. At both planting sites, plants from a low-elevation origin experienced higher damage and supported greater insect loads than plants from a high-elevation origin. The differences in leaf damage between sites were twofold larger than those between plant origins, suggesting that local environment was more important than host genotype in explaining folivory patterns. Different folivore guilds exhibited qualitatively similar responses to elevation. Our results suggest an increase in insect folivory on high-elevation N. pumilio forests under future climate warming scenarios. However, in the short-term, folivory increases might be smaller than expected from insect abundance only because at high elevations herbivores would encounter more resistant tree genotypes.Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Kitzberger, Thomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin

    A role for the sampling effect in invaded ecosystems

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    Species loss and invasion of exotic species are two components of global biodiversity change that are expected to influence ecosystem functioning. Yet how they interact in natural settings remains unclear. Experiments have revealed two major mechanisms for the observed increase in primary productivity with plant species richness. Plant productivity may rise with species richness due to the increased amount of resources used by more diverse communities (niche complementarity) or through the increased probability of including a highly productive, dominant species in the community (sampling effect). Current evidence suggests that niche complementarity is the most relevant mechanism, whereas the sampling effect would only play a minor and transient role in natural systems. In turn, exotic species can invade by using untapped resources or because they possess a fitness advantage over resident species allowing them to dominate the community. We argue that the sampling effect can be a significant biodiversity mechanism in ecosystems invaded by dominant exotic species, and that the effect can be persistent even after decades of succession. We illustrate this idea by analyzing tree species richness鈥損roductivity relationships in a subtropical montane forest (NW Argentina) heavily invaded by Ligustrum lucidum, an evergreen tree from Asia. We found that the forest biomass increased along a natural gradient of tree species richness whether invaded by L. lucidum or not. Consistent with the sampling effect, L. lucidum invasion tripled total tree biomass irrespective of species richness, and monocultures of L. lucidum were more productive than any of the most species-rich, uninvaded communities. Hence, the sampling effect may not be restricted to randomly assembled, synthetic communities. We emphasize that studying invaded ecosystems may provide novel insights on the mechanisms underlying the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem function.Fil: Flombaum, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atm贸sfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atm贸sfera; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecolog铆a, Gen茅tica y Evoluci贸n; ArgentinaFil: Arag贸n, Myriam Roxana. Universidad Nacional de Tucum谩n. Instituto de Ecolog铆a Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Centro Cient铆fico Tecnol贸gico Conicet - Tucum谩n. Instituto de Ecolog铆a Regional; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol贸gicas y Ecol贸gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronom铆a; Argentin
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