TABLE FREE FORWARDING FOR INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 SEGMENT ROUTING

Techniques are described herein to forward IPv6 packets without performing table lookup using IPv6 Segment Routing (SRv6). The forwarding pipeline may forward the packet without performing route lookup by parsing the IPv6 Segment Identifier (SID) from the Segment Routing Header (SRH). The next-hop Media Access Control (MAC) address, outgoing interface and outgoing Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) may be embedded as part of the SID

Cultural drivers of reforestation in tropical forest groves of the Western Ghats of India

Sacred forest groves in the Western Ghats of India are small fragments of tropical forest that have received protection due to religious beliefs and cultural practices. These forest fragments are an example of community-based conservation and they serve as refugia for many forest-dwelling species in otherwise highly anthropogenic tropical forest-agriculture landscapes of the Indian Western Ghats. Many of these sacred forest groves are considered ancient woodlands, but there is very little information on their origins. For instance: How old are these sacred groves? Are they relics of forest that was once continuous or are they patches of regenerated vegetation? How do changes in the surrounding landscape influence the vegetation in these groves? Based on palaeoecological reconstruction in two such sacred forest groves, we determined the age of these forest fragments. Both reconstructions indicate transition from non-forest open landscape to tree-covered landscape at these sites. These finding from two sacred groves challenge the common perception that sacred forest groves are remnants of once-continuous forest; instead, some sacred groves such as those studied might be regenerated forest patches that are approximately 400 years old. This further raises a number of questions about the drivers of reforestation in these groves. What were the social and cultural circumstances which led to the recovery of forest within these patches? How did land tenure influence forest recovery? What role did religious beliefs play in forest restoration? Using Wallace’s (1956) framework of ‘cultural revitalization’ and based on historical literature and palaeoecological analysis of the two sacred groves, this paper examines the drivers of reforestation in the Western Ghats of India. It suggests various social, ecological and economic drivers of such revitalization, recognizing strong linkages between the ‘social’ and the ‘ecological’ within the social–ecological system of sacred forest groves. This example of reforestation suggests that contemporary restoration of forests needs to operate at a landscape scale and look at restoration as a social–ecological intervention in forest management

Effects of pressure on steam turbine performance in a small scale power plant / Bala Murugan Chandiran

Power plant consists of 4 main components that determine the efficiency of the whole system. Each component has its own function and there are always room for improvements to increase the efficiency. Advancing the procedure of working condition of power plant impressively enhanced the turbine power output, in which simultaneously reduce the energy consumption. The industrial sector being the biggest player in power plant usage, constantly seeking improvisation and effectiveness of the power plant operation. With the present market trend of continuous rising of fuel and energy prices, reducing the energy requirement has become a top objective. Every minor or major changes in power plant system greatly affect the output. The main objective of this study was to vary the boiler pressure plus turbine pressure and study the efficiency of the steam turbine power output. Therefore, modification and changes were done for the operating conditions of boiler pressure and turbine pressure which influenced the power plant turbine performance significantly. Energy balance of the plant was analysed in the experiment by varying aforesaid parameters. Detailed calculation and analysis had been done for each sets of experiment outcome. Increasing these parameters value influences the steam utilization in the turbines and further increased the turbine effectiveness. The examination done shows that increasing boiler pressure and turbine pressure enhance the power yield of the turbine, efficiency and effectiveness in regular steam control plants. In the end of thesis, the experiment had been conducted successfully and some recommendation had been identified for future research and development

In vitro and in vivo characterization of mineralized hydroxyapatite/polycaprolactone-graphene oxide based bioactive multifunctional coating on Ti alloy for bone implant applications

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a form of naturally occurring calcium apatite present in bone and tooth enamel. It is an important biomaterial with diverse biomedical applications such as a surface coating for metallic orthopedic implants. Synthesized pristine HAP has poor mechanical properties, inferior wear resistance and has limits for directly used in bone tissue engineering applications. To address these limitations, we synthesized a suitable orthopedic implant hybrid material (M-HAP/PCL/GO) by using positively charged calcium ions of mineralized HAP (M-HAP) combined with Polycaprolactone-negatively charged graphene oxide (PCL-GO). The successfully synthesized M-HAP/PCL/GO composite was comprehensively characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The micro-hardness technique was used to determine the mechanical strength of M-HAP (315 ± 4 Hv), M-HAP/GO (370 ± 3 Hv) and M-HAP/PCL/GO (455 ± 5 Hv). M-HAP/PCL/GO was also tested for its anti-bactericidal impact against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. MG63 osteoblast cells cultured on the M-HAP/PCL/GO composite (10 mg/mL) coated sample, displayed outstanding viability after 3 and 5 days of incubation at pH 7.4, which indicated that the composite is suitable material for bone implants and induces the cell proliferation. It was also tested in vivo in Wistar rats and was observably beneficial bone formation within 28 days post-implant operation. These tests proved that the M-HAP/PCL/GO composite can be considered as a prospective candidate for future bone implant applications. Keywords: Polycaprolactone, Graphene oxide, Hydroxyapatite, Bone implants, Antibacterial activity, MG63 osteoblasts cells, Surface coatin

Cerium ferrite @ molybdenum disulfide nanozyme for intracellular ROS generation and photothermal-based cancer therapy

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial hybrid with metal nanoferrite nanoparticles will enhance their catalytic activity and photothermal therapy (PTT) through their synergistic coupling effects. This strategy also increases the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), blood circulation time, biostability, and cellular uptake efficiency of 2D materials. Herein, we first time report a new class of cerium ferrite (CeFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) decorated onto branched polyethyleneimine (bPEI) coated flower-like molybdenum disulfide nanoflowers (MoS2 NFs). The CeFe2O4 NPs on the MoS2 NF surface could be designed rationally to improve deficiencies and refine the PCE of MoS2 NFs and tumor ablation effectiveness in the treated MDA-MB-231 breast cells. Importantly, MoS2-bPEI-CeFe2O4 NFs consist of MoS2 in the inner core and CeFe2O4 in the outer shell, designed to generate heat efficiently and enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the tumor environment. Furthermore, using sheep blood cells, bare MoS2 and MoS2-bPEI-CeFe2O4 NFs showed hemolytic activity levels of 6 and 2.7 %, respectively. Moreover, MoS2-bPEI-CeFe2O4 NFs exhibit 53.6 % of PCE, which effectively induced up to 80 % cytotoxicity and higher levels of ROS generation in the MDA-MB-231 cells when exposed to the 808 nm NIR laser (1.5 W/cm2, 5 min). These findings demonstrate the unique CeFe2O4 NPs with MoS2 NF as a powerful nanozyme for dual-performance cancer therapies (PTT and ROS generation) and reveal a novel PCE refinement strategy for MoS2 NFs. It was successfully established as a new cancer therapeutic platform. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.FALS

Tumor-targeted Molybdenum Disulfide@Barium Titanate Core-Shell Nanomedicine for Dual Photothermal and Chemotherapy of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Combinational therapy can improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment by overcoming individual therapy shortcomings, leading to accelerated cancer cell apoptosis. Combinational cancer therapy is attained by a single nanosystem with multiple physicochemical properties providing an efficient synergistic therapy against cancer cells. Herein, we report a folate receptor-targeting dual-therapeutic (photothermal and chemotherapy) core-shell nanoparticle (CSNP) exhibiting a molybdenum disulfide core with a barium titanate shell (MoS2@BT) to improve therapeutic efficacy against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cells. A simple hydrothermal approach was used to achieve the MoS2@BT CSNPs, and their diameter was calculated to be approximately 180 ± 25 nm. In addition to improving the photothermal efficiency and stability of the MoS2@BT CSNPs, their surface was functionalized with polydopamine (PDA) and subsequently modified with folic acid (FA) to achieve enhanced tumour-targeting CSNPs, named MoS2@BT-PDA-FA (MBPF). Then, gemcitabine (Gem) was loaded into the MBPF, and its loading and releasing efficacy were calculated to be 17.5 wt% and 64.5 ± 3%, respectively. Moreover, the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of MBPF was estimated to be 35.3%, and it also showed better biocompatibility, which was determined by an MTT assay. The MBPF significantly increased the ambient temperature to 56.3 °C and triggered Gem release inside the TNBC cells when exposed to a near-infrared (NIR) laser (808 nm, 1.5 W cm−2, 5 min). Notably, the MoS2@BT-based nanosystem was used as a photothermal agent and a therapeutic drug-loading container for combating TNBC cells. Benefiting from the combined therapy, MBPF reduced TNBC cell viability to 81.3% due to its efficient synergistic effects. Thus, the proposed tumour-targeting MoS2@BT CSNP exhibits high drug loading, better biocompatibility, and improved anticancer efficacy toward TNBC cells due to its dual therapeutic approach in a single system, which opens up a new approach for dual cancer therapy. © 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry.FALS

Cancer Therapeutic Proficiency of Dual-Targeted Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposite Endorses Combination Drug Delivery

The cargo-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with convenient surface modification can facilitate the development of the innovative nanodrug system. Herein, the present investigation described the electrostatically self-assembled MSNs as a nanosized drug carrier to realize potent synergistic chemotherapy based on the specificity in targeting cytoplasm and nucleus of tumor cells. In this context, the primarily constructed MSNs were subjected with anticancer drug topotecan (TPT) into its large pores. Then, the selective TAT peptide (a nuclear localization signal peptide) was anchored onto TPT-loaded MSNs (TPT-MSN). Subsequently, the positive surface of TPT-MSN-TAT was capped with negatively charged components, poly­(acrylic acid) (PAA)-cRGD peptide and citraconic anhydride (CAH)-metformin (MT), and acted as a smart gatekeeper. Comparatively, PAA-cRGD attached onto MSNs serving as the targeted molecules could upsurge by invasion into cancer cells. Interestingly, the acidic pH of the lysosomal compartment in tumor cells triggers the conjugated CAH from the polymer decorated mesoporous silica (PMS) nanocomposite and could efficiently release MT into the cytoplasm. Consequently, the remaining TPT-MSN-TAT efficiently targets the nucleus and delivers the TPT to improve synergistic chemotherapeutic effects. The precisely released drugs were individually enhanced in the <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> cell killing efficiencies. Thus, the study provides a potential drug delivery podium through combined drugs to realize cancer cell targeting approach

Anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic properties of Syzygium calophyllifolium

The article discusses anti-oxidant oral glucose tolerance and anti-hyperglycemic potentials of Syzygium calophyllifolium. Extracts from successive solvent extraction were tested for the total phenolic, tannin, flavonoid content and free radical scavenging property using DPPH, ABTS+, phosphomolyb-denum, FRAP, superoxide and metal chelating assays. Ethyl acetate extract of bark responded well against DPPH (IC50 4.13), ABTS+ (36832.29 µM TE/ g extract),phosphomolybdenum (100.4 g AAE/100g extract), superoxide and metal ion radicals. The methanol extract of bark was also found as an effective radical scavenger. The leaf methanol extract also showed significant anti-oxidant ability. The bark methanol extract could potentially reduce the blood glucose level in glucose loaded and diabetic rats. The immense anti-oxidant potential of S. calophyllifolium leaf and bark extracts could be taken as a good source of natural anti-oxidant supplement in food to defend oxidative stress related disorders like diabetes