Gender Life Course Transitions from the Nuclear Family in England and Wales 1981-2001

In recent years there has been much political debate in the popular media about the fate of the nuclear family in the UK. Very little work has been done, using population data, to actually demonstrate the decline, or indeed continuance of this type of household formation. In this paper we use Office for National Statistics (ONS) longitudinal census data, from England and Wales, to explore the formation, dissolution and continuance of the nuclear family household over a twenty year period (1981- 2001). Our findings indicate a continuing importance of this household arrangement, however routes into and trajectories from nuclear family households take different forms for men and women across the life course.Nuclear Family; Households; Gender; Longitudinal Analysis

Family Structures and the Feminization of Poverty: Women in Hawaii

The quality of life for many single mothers and their children is shrouded in economic hardship. Women outside the traditional nuclear family, attempting to raise children, are doing so in poverty and without much public support. Marital disruption, teenage mothers, and out of wedlock births have resulted in an alarming number of improverished children living in America. This paper examines census data in the state of Hawaii and the impact of family structure on the quality of lives of women with children. Women living in multigenerational family arrangements, rather than in traditional families have higher income, holding family size constant. Social policies that do not focus on the issues of insufficient wages, job security, education, racial, sex and wage discrimination and child care needs will only fail

Diesel Fuel Additives: Use and Efficacy for Alaska's Diesel Generators

Stakeholder Advisory Committee - ii List of Figures - v List of Tables - vi Executive Summary - vii Introduction - 1 Premise - 1 Approach - 1 Background and Literature Review - 2 Diesel Fuel - 2 ASTM D975 Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils - 3 What Are Diesel Fuel Additives? - 5 EPA Registration of Diesel Fuel Additives - 5 Classification of Additives - 5 Diesel Fuel Additive Descriptions and their Uses - 6 Pour Point Depressants - 6 Alternative Cold Flow Improvers - 7 Conductivity Improvers - 7 Lubricity Additives - 7 Biocides - 9 Fuel Stabilizers - 9 Cetane Enhancers - 10 Injector Cleaners - 10 Water Emulsifier/De-emulsifier - 11 Additives to Reduce Emissions - 12 Efficiency - 14 Efficiency increasing Additives and Devices - 15 Magnetic Fuel Conditioners - 15 Combustion Catalysts - 15 Older Versus Newer Engines - 16 Well-Maintained Versus Less Well-Cared-For Engines - 16 EPA Emission Guidelines - 16 Engine Manufacturer Statements on Fuel Additives - 18 Analyses of Available Literature - 19 Experiences of Alaska Utilities - 20 Data Collection Methods Used in this Study - 20 Diesel Electric Generators used in Rural Alaska - 21 Fuel Survey Results - 22 Diesel Fuel Purchase and Delivery Systems in Alaska - 22 Sources of Fuel - 23 Delivery of Fuel in Rural Alaska - 23 Aftermarket Additives Survey Results - 23 Pour Point Depressant Use - 25 Lubricity Additives - 26 Biocides - 26 Long-term Fuel Storage Issues-Especially Water in Fuel - 26 Additive Blending Procedures - 26 Testing of Aftermarket Additives by Alaska Utilities - 30 Age of Diesel Engines used for Testing Additives - 30 Efficiency Enhancing Additives - 30 Efficiency Enhancing Devices - 32 Used Oil - 32 Which Utilities Use Additives? 0 32 Discussion of Additive Use by Alaska Diesel Engine Utilities - 32 Experience of Fuel Suppliers in Alaska - 33 Conclusions - 34 Recommendations - 34 Glossary - 35 References - 3

Low level Atrazine exposure effects on crayfish development

Undergraduate Applie

Solar system constraints on the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati braneworld theory of gravity

A number of proposals have been put forward to account for the observed accelerating expansion of the Universe through modifications of gravity. One specific scenario, Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) gravity, gives rise to a potentially observable anomaly in the solar system: all planets would exhibit a common anomalous precession, dw/dt, in excess of the prediction of General Relativity. We have used the Planetary Ephemeris Program (PEP) along with planetary radar and radio tracking data to set a constraint of |dw/dt| < 0.02 arcseconds per century on the presence of any such common precession. This sensitivity falls short of that needed to detect the estimated universal precession of |dw/dt| = 5e-4 arcseconds per century expected in the DGP scenario. We discuss the fact that ranging data between objects that orbit in a common plane cannot constrain the DGP scenario. It is only through the relative inclinations of the planetary orbital planes that solar system ranging data have sensitivity to the DGP-like effect of universal precession. In addition, we illustrate the importance of performing a numerical evaluation of the sensitivity of the data set and model to any perturbative precession.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.