Stakeholder Advisory Committee - ii
List of Figures - v
List of Tables - vi
Executive Summary - vii
Introduction - 1
Premise - 1
Approach - 1
Background and Literature Review - 2
Diesel Fuel - 2
ASTM D975 Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils - 3
What Are Diesel Fuel Additives? - 5
EPA Registration of Diesel Fuel Additives - 5
Classification of Additives - 5
Diesel Fuel Additive Descriptions and their Uses - 6
Pour Point Depressants - 6
Alternative Cold Flow Improvers - 7
Conductivity Improvers - 7
Lubricity Additives - 7
Biocides - 9
Fuel Stabilizers - 9
Cetane Enhancers - 10
Injector Cleaners - 10
Water Emulsifier/De-emulsifier - 11
Additives to Reduce Emissions - 12
Efficiency - 14
Efficiency increasing Additives and Devices - 15
Magnetic Fuel Conditioners - 15
Combustion Catalysts - 15
Older Versus Newer Engines - 16
Well-Maintained Versus Less Well-Cared-For Engines - 16
EPA Emission Guidelines - 16
Engine Manufacturer Statements on Fuel Additives - 18
Analyses of Available Literature - 19
Experiences of Alaska Utilities - 20
Data Collection Methods Used in this Study - 20
Diesel Electric Generators used in Rural Alaska - 21
Fuel Survey Results - 22
Diesel Fuel Purchase and Delivery Systems in Alaska - 22
Sources of Fuel - 23
Delivery of Fuel in Rural Alaska - 23
Aftermarket Additives Survey Results - 23
Pour Point Depressant Use - 25
Lubricity Additives - 26
Biocides - 26
Long-term Fuel Storage Issues-Especially Water in Fuel - 26
Additive Blending Procedures - 26
Testing of Aftermarket Additives by Alaska Utilities - 30
Age of Diesel Engines used for Testing Additives - 30
Efficiency Enhancing Additives - 30
Efficiency Enhancing Devices - 32
Used Oil - 32
Which Utilities Use Additives? 0 32
Discussion of Additive Use by Alaska Diesel Engine Utilities - 32
Experience of Fuel Suppliers in Alaska - 33
Conclusions - 34
Recommendations - 34
Glossary - 35
References - 3
