Entrepreneurs’ achieved success: developing a multi-faceted measure

Firm performance is typically measured via objective financial indicators. However, researchers increasingly acknowledge that entrepreneurs do not measure their success solely in financial terms but that a range of often subjective indicators matter to them. This article contributes to the debate on entrepreneurial performance by studying how entrepreneurs assess their achieved success. ‘Entrepreneurs’ achieved success’ was conceptualized as a multi-faceted construct that includes entrepreneurs’ self-reported achievement of firm performance, workplace relationships, personal fulfilment, community impact, and personal financial rewards. It was measured via the Subjective Entrepreneurial Success–Achievement Scale (SES-AS). Over the course of three studies (N = 390) the factorial structure of ‘entrepreneurs’ achieved success’ was established and largely replicated in two cultures. Based on a nomological network, we documented relationships among ‘entrepreneurs’ achieved success’, quasi-objective indicators of firm performance, and entrepreneurs’ financial satisfaction, creativity, and health. Based on our research, we propose a new conceptual framework to study performance in the context of entrepreneurship. This framework acknowledges both the success criteria that entrepreneurs wish to achieve and those that they actually achieve, and extends our understanding of firm performance

Isomers in neutron-rich A approx 190 nuclides from 208Pb fragmentation

Relativistic projectile fragmentation of 208Pb has been used to produce isomers in neutron-rich, A appro 190 nuclides. A forward-focusing spectrometer provided ion-by-ion mass and charge identification. The detection of γ-rays emitted by stopped ions has led to the assignment of isomers in 188Ta, 190W, 192}Re, 193Re, 195Os, 197r, 198Ir, 200Pt, 201Pt, 202Pt and 203Au, with half-lives ranging from approximately 10 ns to 1 ms. Tentative isomer information has been found also for 174Er,175Er, 185Hf, 191Re, 194Re and 199Ir. In most cases, time-correlated, singles γ-ray events provided the first spectroscopic daa on excited states for each nuclide. In 200Pt and 201Pt, the assignments are supported by γ-γ coincidences. Isomeric ratios provide additional information, such as half-life and transition energy constraints in particular cases. The level structures of the platinum isotopes are discussed, and comparisons are made with isomer systematics