COMPARISON OF FA WAG AND SWAG AS AN EFFECTNE ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY METHOD

At present petroleum engineering has become economic based field hence all efforts are being made to make sure that we squeeze out the last drop of oil from the reservoir Pl. Reservoirs start to deplete with time hence secondary recovery methods are applied. When such methods are also failed, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques remain the only solution for the production of well hence with EOR techniques 30-60 % of oil can be recovered. In EOR techniques we inject gas and/or water to provide energy (driving force) to the reservoir to produce. Currently Simultaneous Water Alternating Gas (SWAG) along with other techniques tends to improve oil recovery by improving reservoir fluids mobility and providing driving force rzJ. Foam can also be added in water alternating gas technique to improve the sweeping mechanism and cut off the gas production and we term such method as Foam Assisted Water-Alternating Gas (FA WAG). In this study, a comparison has been made between FA WAG & SWAG in order to come up with the effective method of EOR, having better oil recovery. Core flooding is to be carried out for the evaluation of both techniques. Hence from previous experiences it has been predicted that SWAG tends to address all recovery related problems economically, where as foam has been seen to address the problems by assisting other Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques and proved that foam assistance has given better recovery

COMPARISON OF FA WAG AND SWAG AS AN EFFECTNE ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY METHOD

At present petroleum engineering has become economic based field hence all efforts are being made to make sure that we squeeze out the last drop of oil from the reservoir Pl. Reservoirs start to deplete with time hence secondary recovery methods are applied. When such methods are also failed, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques remain the only solution for the production of well hence with EOR techniques 30-60 % of oil can be recovered. In EOR techniques we inject gas and/or water to provide energy (driving force) to the reservoir to produce. Currently Simultaneous Water Alternating Gas (SWAG) along with other techniques tends to improve oil recovery by improving reservoir fluids mobility and providing driving force rzJ. Foam can also be added in water alternating gas technique to improve the sweeping mechanism and cut off the gas production and we term such method as Foam Assisted Water-Alternating Gas (FA WAG). In this study, a comparison has been made between FA WAG & SWAG in order to come up with the effective method of EOR, having better oil recovery. Core flooding is to be carried out for the evaluation of both techniques. Hence from previous experiences it has been predicted that SWAG tends to address all recovery related problems economically, where as foam has been seen to address the problems by assisting other Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques and proved that foam assistance has given better recovery

Evaluation of nano silica fluid recovery mechanisms for enhanced oil recovery

This study aims to evaluate the oil recovery potential of hydrophilic silica nanofluids in sandstone reservoirs at varying salinities and concentrations. The impact of nanofluid as secondary and tertiary recovery mechanisms on recovery potential is also discussed, and recovery mechanisms are determined for all flooding parameter variations. The integrated study of parameters, recovery, and mechanism is to outline the impact of changes in fluid parameters on mechanisms and recovery for future clear understanding of the mechanisms at a specific set of nanofluid conditions. The study conducted at ambient conditions and flooding was carried out at 1000 psi overburden pressure. The nano flooding was carried out for 12 nano meter nanosilica with concentrations of 0.02 wt. %, 0.05 wt. %, 0.07 wt. % and 0.10 wt. % in salinity ranges from 20,000 to 40,000 ppm. Along with recovery potential, recovery mechanisms were also determined by contact angle evaluation, interfacial tension (IFT) measurements, porosity reduction evaluation, and pressure differential monitoring. In scenario 1, it was observed that the highest recovery at 20,000 ppm salinity was achieved with 0.05 wt. % of nanosilica which was approximately 11% of original oil in place (OOIP). The dominant mechanism was found to be wettability change to water wet condition (i.e., reduced to 46º) and interfacial reduction (i.e., reduced to 14.9 from 18.5 mN/m), whereas for higher concentrations mechanical mechanisms like mechanical entrapment along with pore jamming were also found to play the role. Whereas in scenario 2, where salinities were changed, the highest recoveries were recorded for 20,000 and 40,000 ppm (i.e., 11% and 11.2% of OOIP respectively). In the case of 20,000 ppm salinity, wettability change and IFT reduction played the dominant role but when salinity was increased to 30,000 ppm, due to instability of the solution the impact of wettability change and IFT reduction subsided hence recovery declined to 8.33% of OOIP. In the case of 40,000 ppm though nanofluids formed agglomerations and wettability change and IFT reduction were not dominant but mechanical entrapment enhanced the recoveries further. In the third scenario, it was outlined that at lower injection rate of 0.5 ml/min the recovery potential was lowered, as reduction in disjoining and mechanical mechanisms impact was observed. Application of nanofluids as tertiary recovery mechanism was found to be suitable as compared to secondary recovery in terms of recovery. Hence for optimum effect of nano flooding on oil recovery, the optimum design of nanofluid concentration, stability, injection rate, and mode of application have been identified. For the most effective nano flooding it should be ensured that major mechanisms like wettability change, interfacial reduction, and log jamming remain equally active. The study establishes that design of any nano flooding as tertiary recovery mechanism would be effective when a mechanistic study is carried out ensuring effectiveness of chemical and mechanical mechanisms which would result in incremental recovery

Analysis of the Nexus of CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, Land under Cereal Crops and Agriculture Value-Added in Pakistan Using an ARDL Approach

The present study attempts to explore the correlation between carbon dioxide emissions (CO2 e), gross domestic product (GDP), land under cereal crops (LCC) and agriculture value-added (AVA) in Pakistan. The study exploits time-series data from 1961 to 2014 and further applies descriptive statistical analysis, unit root test, Johansen co-integration test, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and pairwise Granger causality test. The study employes augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Phillips–Perron (PP) tests to check the stationarity of the variables. The results of the analysis reveal that there is both short- and long-run association between agricultural production, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in the country. The long-run results estimate that there is a positive and insignificant association between carbon dioxide emissions, land under cereal crops, and agriculture value-added. The results of the short-run analysis point out that there is a negative and statistically insignificant association between carbon dioxide emissions and gross domestic product. It is very important for the Government of Pakistan’s policymakers to build up agricultural policies, strategies and planning in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Consequently, the country should promote environmentally friendly agricultural practices in order to strengthen its efforts to achieve sustainable agriculture

Effect of Temperature and Storage Time on DNA Quality and Quantity from Normal and Diseased Tissues

DNA extraction and purification is an initial step for authentic results in advance molecular biology, therefore DNA degradation is unavoidable. The aim of present study is to investigate the DNA quality and quantity in terms of shorter time preservation with normal and diseased tissue, therefore tissues of normal (n = 18) and diseased (n = 18) liver, lung and heart was collected from goat after slaughtered. For DNA extraction Gene JET Genomic DNA Purification Kit protocol was followed, then stored at -20 oC and -04 oC temperatures for 24hrs and 48hrs period of time. The concentration and purity of the extracted DNA were measured with Spectrophotometer and purity confirmed at an absorbance ratio of 260 or 280. It was observed that at a -20 oC temperature for 24hours the concentration of DNA yield was numerically higher than at -04 oC temperature for tissue stored at 48hrs, whereas absorbance was higher, however in normal tissues in contrast with diseased the concentration and absorbance of DNA was somehow same at -20 and -04 oC but different in storage time. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that time elapsed between sampling with the storage condition and with normal or diseased samples for DNA extraction will largely depend on the experiment. If tissue preservative conditions and sampling are appropriate, storage time will not be a factor at least for short storage periods

Effect of Temperature and Storage Time on DNA Quality and Quantity from Normal and Diseased Tissues

DNA extraction and purification is an initial step for authentic results in advance molecular biology, therefore DNA degradation is unavoidable. The aim of present study is to investigate the DNA quality and quantity in terms of shorter time preservation with normal and diseased tissue, therefore tissues of normal (n = 18) and diseased (n = 18) liver, lung and heart was collected from goat after slaughtered. For DNA extraction Gene JET Genomic DNA Purification Kit protocol was followed, then stored at -20 oC and -04 oC temperatures for 24hrs and 48hrs period of time. The concentration and purity of the extracted DNA were measured with Spectrophotometer and purity confirmed at an absorbance ratio of 260 or 280. It was observed that at a -20 oC temperature for 24hours the concentration of DNA yield was numerically higher than at -04 oC temperature for tissue stored at 48hrs, whereas absorbance was higher, however in normal tissues in contrast with diseased the concentration and absorbance of DNA was somehow same at -20 and -04 oC but different in storage time. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that time elapsed between sampling with the storage condition and with normal or diseased samples for DNA extraction will largely depend on the experiment. If tissue preservative conditions and sampling are appropriate, storage time will not be a factor at least for short storage periods