65 research outputs found

    Acteurs et mesures préventives à différentes échelles territoriales pour la création d'indices de dangerosité sur le risque caniculaire: Du plan national canicule à un indice de dangerosité à échelle fine

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    International audienceThe territorial question constitutes the core of sanitary reforms. In France, if we concentrate on the heat-wave risk, we notice a multitude of actors in interrelation. Indeed, this risk on health is complex to comprehend and to represent in particular since it raises and will raise essential sanitary questions, and also because of the ageing of the population. This article highlights the different actors and active plans and the various possible territorial scales to determine and better communicate on sanitary risks caused by heat waves. This has been done through an index of “hazardousness”, developed on the basis of a few parameters such as the phenomenon duration, its intensity, the threshold and the typical profile. The index has then been sharpened thanks to measurements in urban area during a heat wave.La question territoriale est au coeur des rĂ©formes sanitaires. En France, si l’on se concentre sur le risque caniculaire, on constate qu’il existe une multitude d’acteurs en inter-relation. En effet, ce risque sur la santĂ© est complexe Ă  apprĂ©hender et Ă  reprĂ©senter notamment parce qu’il pose et posera des questions sanitaires essentielles, et du fait du vieillissement de la population et du changement climatique. Cet article met en Ă©vidence les diffĂ©rents acteurs et plans prĂ©sents ainsi que les diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles territoriales, afin de dĂ©terminer et mieux communiquer sur les risques sanitaires causĂ©s par la canicule. Pour cela, un indice de dangerositĂ© a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©, en fonction de la durĂ©e du phĂ©nomĂšne, de son intensitĂ©, du seuil et du profil type. Des mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es en milieu urbain et en pĂ©riode caniculaire permettent d’affiner l’indice

    The 8 and 9 September 2002 flash flood event in France: a model intercomparison

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    Within the framework of the European Interreg IIIb Medocc program, the HYDROPTIMET project aims at the optimization of the hydrometeorological forecasting tools in the context of intense precipitation within complex topography. Therefore, some meteorological forecast models and hydrological models were tested on four Mediterranean flash-flood events. One of them occured in France where the South-eastern ridge of the French “Massif Central”, the Gard region, experienced a devastating flood on 8 and 9 September 2002. 24 people were killed during this event and the economic damage was estimated at 1.2 billion euros. To built the next generation of the hydrometeorological forecasting chain that will be able to capture such localized and fast events and the resulting discharges, the forecasted rain fields might be improved to be relevant for hydrological purposes. In such context, this paper presents the results of the evaluation methodology proposed by Yates et al. (2005) that highlights the relevant hydrological scales of a simulated rain field. Simulated rain fields of 7 meteorological model runs concerning with the French event are therefore evaluated for different accumulation times. The dynamics of these models are either based on non-hydrostatic or hydrostatic equation systems. Moreover, these models were run under different configurations (resolution, initial conditions). The classical score analysis and the areal evaluation of the simulated rain fields are then performed in order to put forward the main simulation characteristics that improve the quantitative precipitation forecast. The conclusions draw some recommendations on the value of the quantitative precipitation forecasts and way to use it for quantitative discharge forecasts within mountainous areas

    How to evaluate nature-based solutions performance for microclimate, water and soil management issues – Available tools and methods from Nature4Cities European project results

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    International audienceIn the context of climate change, Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs), a recently developed concept, are increasingly considered as part of the adaptation strategies of the cities. Studies using expert models and methods (EMM) receive a great deal of scientific attention. Considering EMM increasing use, this study aims to perform an analysis of the reported evaluation results, reflecting the capability of the EMM to accurately tackle urban challenges identified within the EU Nature4Cities project. Then, we propose a set of indicators and recommendations about sixteen EMM to be used by funders, researchers and practitioners when evaluating the performance of NBSs. The coupling of the different components (climate, water and soil) is not a simple matter. The analysis relies on the definition of the range of the reported metrics and on the investigation of the relationship between the various indices, applied for the EMM evaluation. Secondly, the study assesses the existing EMM, indicating the potential of NBSs: (i) to reduce urban heat island, (ii) to limit surface warming, (iii) to increase the thermal comfort of people, (iv) to limit the overheating and runoff of surfaces due to impervious areas, (v) to increase water retention during stormy episodes, (vi) to improve storm water quality at the outlet of the sustainable urban drainage systems, (vii) to promote the filtration and epuration of storm water runoff in soil and (viii) to be a support for vegetation. The analysis reveals that EMM can be considered as helpful tools for urban microclimate, urban soil and water management analysis, provided their limitations and characteristics are taken into account by the user when choosing tools and interpreting results (e.g. application scale). With regard to the performance of NBSs, the most commonly used indicators clearly depend on the scale of the project

    RÔLE DE L'OCCUPATION DU SOL VIS À VIS DE LA MODÉLISATION DES FLUX ENERGÉTIQUES ET HYDRIQUES EN MILIEU URBAIN ET PÉRIURBAIN

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    National audienceLe projet Rosenhy vise Ă  Ă©tudier l’impact de l’occupation du sol sur la modĂ©lisation mĂ©tĂ©orologique et hydrologique en termes de flux Ă©nergĂ©tiques et hydriques, en milieu urbain et pĂ©riurbain. Trois sites appartenant aux observatoires français OTHU et ONEVU sont au centre de ce projet. Le quartier urbain hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne du Pin sec (Nantes), impermĂ©abilisĂ© Ă  environ 45%, a fait l’objet d’une campagne expĂ©rimentale durant le mois de juin 2012, visant Ă  estimer les flux de chaleur sensible et latente avec une haute rĂ©solution spatiale et temporelle par rapport aux mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es en continu sur ce site depuis 5 ans. Deux bassins versant pĂ©riurbains (La ChĂ©zine Ă  Nantes et l’Yzeron Ă  Lyon), avec un taux d’impermĂ©abilisation moins important (environ 10%) mais grandissant depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies, sont aussi Ă©tudiĂ©s. Ces deux derniers sites bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’un suivi hydromĂ©tĂ©orologique depuis 10 ans pour la ChĂ©zine et 15 ans pour l’Yzeron. Sur ces trois sites, diffĂ©rentes sources de donnĂ©es d’occupation du sol Ă  diffĂ©rentes rĂ©solutions sont disponibles :diffĂ©rentes bases de donnĂ©es gĂ©ographiques communĂ©ment utilisĂ©es par la communautĂ© scientifique et les collectivitĂ©s et des donnĂ©es tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tectĂ©es (multispectrales et hyperspectrales). L’utilisation de ces donnĂ©es en entrĂ©e de diffĂ©rents modĂšles mĂ©tĂ©orologiques et hydrologiques implique un travail d’analyse et de classification pour adapter les informations aux besoins des modĂšles. Dans ce projet, les diffĂ©rents modĂšles adaptĂ©s au milieu urbain ou pĂ©rirubain sont Ă©valuĂ©s et amĂ©liorĂ©s. Ainsi, les modĂšles hydrologiques pĂ©rirubains sont en dĂ©veloppement pour prendre en compte les diffĂ©rentes pratiques de gestion des eaux pluviales existantes (noues, toitures vĂ©gĂ©talisĂ©es, ...). L’utilisation conjointe des donnĂ©es simulĂ©es par les diffĂ©rents modĂšles aidera Ă  dĂ©terminer le rĂŽle de la part des surfaces naturelles et artificielles sur les bilans Ă©nergĂ©tique et hydrique en milieu plus ou moins urbanisĂ©. Le milieu pĂ©riurbain Ă©tant en Ă©volution, le projet s’intĂ©ressera aussi Ă  des scĂ©narios d’urbanisation prospectifs en regardant d’une part l’impact de la densification sur les scĂ©narios construits pour l’Yzeron lors du projet AVuPUR (ANR-VMCS, 2008-2011) et d’autre part, en rĂ©flĂ©chissant conjointement avec Nantes MĂ©tropole, aux possibles voies d’évolution sur le bassin de la ChĂ©zine

    Les solutions fondées sur la nature pour l'adaptation au changement climatique

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    Atelier du club Ville et amĂ©nagement sur l'adaptation au changement climatique, Online, , 12-/03/2021 - 12/03/2021Face Ă  l'urbanisation et au changement climatique qui ont des effets nĂ©fastes sur le bilan Ă©nergĂ©tique (Ăźlot de chaleur urbain) et le cycle de l'eau (crues plus intenses et plus frĂ©quentes, pĂ©riodes d'Ă©tiage plus longues et plus marquĂ©es, recharge des nappes limitĂ©es), des solutions d'adaptation sont nĂ©cessaires: elles jouent sur les diffĂ©rents processus perturbĂ©s par les surfaces impermĂ©abilisĂ©es. Les solutions fondĂ©es sur la nature en font partie. Des observations dans le cadre de l'ONEVU Ă  l'Ă©chelle d'une noue montrent l'intĂ©rĂȘt d'une telle solution pour limiter le pic de dĂ©bit, et Ă  l'Ă©chelle du quartier le lien entre tempĂ©rature et taux de vĂ©gĂ©talisation est mis en avant. La modĂ©lisation microclimatique de scĂ©narios idĂ©alisĂ©s dĂ©montrent l'impact de plusieurs solutions vĂ©gĂ©talisĂ©es sur la rĂ©gulation de la tempĂ©rature de l'air. La modĂ©lisation hydrologique, Ă  l'Ă©chelle du quartier confirme l'intĂ©rĂȘt des noues pour amĂ©liorer la gestion des eaux pluviales ainsi que des toitures vĂ©gĂ©talisĂ©es. A l'Ă©chelle d'un secteur de ville, l'impact de la vĂ©gĂ©tation sur le ruissellement de surface et les flux de chaleur latente est mise en Ă©vidence. Par ailleurs, il est aussi soulevĂ© la question de la ressource en eau Ă  disposition dans le cadre d'une intĂ©gration massive d'arbres. Enfin, le projet Nature4Cities est prĂ©sentĂ© : un catalogue de solutions fondĂ©es sur la nature est disponible dĂ©sormais et un outil d'aide Ă  la dĂ©cision a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©

    Terrain representation impact on periurban catchment morphological properties

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    International audienceModelling the hydrological behaviour of suburban catchments requires an estimation of environmental features, including land use and hydrographic networks. Suburban areas display a highly heterogeneous composition and encompass many anthropogenic elements that affect water flow paths, such as ditches, sewers, culverts and embankments. The geographical data available, either raster or vector data, may be of various origins and resolutions. Urban databases often offer very detailed data for sewer networks and 3D streets, yet the data covering rural zones may be coarser. This study is intended to highlight the sensitivity of geographical data as well as the data discretisation method used on the essential features of a periurban catchment, i.e. the catchment border and the drainage network. Three methods are implemented for this purpose. The first is the DEM (for digital elevation model) treatment method, which has traditionally been applied in the field of catchment hydrology. The second is based on urban database analysis and focuses on vector data, i.e. polygons and segments. The third method is a TIN (or triangular irregular network), which provides a consistent description of flow directions from an accurate representation of slope. It is assumed herein that the width function is representative of the catchment’s hydrological response. The periurban ChĂ©zine catchment, located within the Nantes metropolitan area in western France, serves as the case study. The determination of both the main morphological features and the hydrological response of a suburban catchment varies significantly according to the discretization method employed, especially on upstream rural areas. Vector- and TIN-based methods allow representing the higher drainage density of urban areas, and consequently reveal the impact of these areas on the width function, since the DEM method fails. TINs seem to be more appropriate to take streets into account, because it allows a finer representation of topographical discontinuities. These results may help future developments of distributed hydrological models on periurban areas

    Runoff generation on a urbanizing river basin

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    Novatech, 7th International Conference on sustainable techniques and strategies for urban water management, LYON, FRANCE, 27-/06/2010 - 01/07/2010Due to the expansion of urbanization, peri-urban zones face a quick land-use change. The control over this phenomenon has become a major issue for flood and water pollution management. Nevertheless, so far we are still on the pursuit of a well adapted model to these particular basins. We aim to develop such model by studying the ChĂ©zine basin, in the framework of the French national project AVuPUR (ANR-VMCS, 2008-2010). A 7-year data analysis unveils a specific behavior: first, rain events displaying one single peak produce one or two distinct peak discharge on the hydrograph ; second, the lag-time of the basin, usually close to 1 hour, sometimes exceeds 6 hours. Based on geomorphologic and hydro-meteorological data analyses we made some hypotheses to explain the different shapes that the hydrological response of the Chezine Bassin may present. The localization of urbanization throughout the basin and its pre-event moisture state seem to play a crucial role on the variability of hydrological responses. The application of the First Differenced Transfer Function confirms the existence of different shapes of transfer functions for the basin according to its initial moisture state. Therefore we conclude that the hypotheses here presented should not be neglected in the current pursuit to develop a well adapted model for suburban river basins.Les bassins versants pĂ©riurbains, prĂ©sentant des comportements de bassins de type naturel et urbain, ont Ă©tĂ© jusqu'ici peu Ă©tudiĂ©s par les hydrologues. Or, ces bassins sont soumis Ă  une forte pression, liĂ©e au dĂ©veloppement urbain. Afin de mieux comprendre ces bassins, pour anticiper leur rĂ©ponse lors d'Ă©vĂšnements pluvieux ou prĂ©voir les consĂ©quences de futurs amĂ©nagements, de nouveaux modĂšles doivent ĂȘtre dĂ©veloppĂ©es. Dans le cadre du projet AVuPUR (ANR-VMCS, 2008-2010), le bassin versant de la ChĂ©zine situĂ© au nord-ouest de Nantes, est Ă©tudiĂ© dans le but de contribuer au dĂ©veloppement d'un tel modĂšle. Deux particularitĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© remarquĂ©es lors de l'observation de ses hydrogrammes de crue, sur la pĂ©riode de 2001 Ă  2007: un pic de pluie est parfois suivi par deux pics sur l'hydrogramme, et le temps de rĂ©ponse, gĂ©nĂ©ralement Ă©valuĂ© Ă  environ une heure pour la plupart des Ă©vĂšnements, peut dĂ©passer six heures pour certains Ă©pisodes pluvieux. L'analyse des donnĂ©es hydromĂ©tĂ©orologiques suivi d'une Ă©tude gĂ©omorphologique nous permet d'Ă©laborer des hypothĂšses pour expliquer les diffĂ©rences entre les diverses rĂ©ponses hydrologiques que ce bassin versant peut produire : l'Ă©tat hydrique du sol prĂ©cĂ©dant l'Ă©vĂšnement pluvieux et la localisation des noyaux urbains. L'application de la mĂ©thode de DPFT confirme l'existence de diffĂ©rentes formes de fonction de transfert pour la ChĂ©zine selon l'Ă©tat hydrique du sol. Ces hypothĂšses ne doivent pas ĂȘtre nĂ©gligĂ©es dans la dĂ©marche actuelle de dĂ©velopper un modĂšle adaptĂ© aux bassins versants pĂ©riurbains

    Etude du fonctionnement d'un bassin versant périurbain : la Chézine

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    International audienceRĂ©sumĂ© Les bassins versants pĂ©riurbains, prĂ©sentant des comportements de bassins de type naturel et urbain, ont Ă©tĂ© jusqu'ici peu Ă©tudiĂ©s par les hydrologues. Or, ces bassins sont soumis Ă  une forte pression, liĂ©e au dĂ©veloppement urbain. Afin de mieux comprendre ces bassins, pour anticiper leur rĂ©ponse lors d'Ă©vĂšnements pluvieux ou prĂ©voir les consĂ©quences de futurs amĂ©nagements, de nouveaux modĂšles doivent ĂȘtre dĂ©veloppĂ©es. Cette Ă©tude porte sur la fonction de transfert du bassin versant de la ChĂ©zine en s'appuyant sur l'analyse de sa rĂ©ponse hydrologique. Ainsi, nous montrons que le bassin a un fonctionnement variant avec son Ă©tat hydrique. Les diffĂ©rentes fonctions de transfert obtenues expliquent les particularitĂ©s des hydrogrammes de crues observĂ©s. Les informations sur les principaux Ă©lĂ©ments qui influencent la fonction de transfert sont la contribution de ce travail prĂ©liminaire Ă  la modĂ©lisation hydrologique complĂšte adaptĂ©e aux bassins pĂ©riurbains.Graças Ă  expansĂŁo das cidades, as zonas ditas peri-urbanas enfrentam uma evolução rapida da ocupação do solo. O contrĂŽle desse fenĂŽmeno tornou-se um aspecto essencial para a gestĂŁo dos recursos hidricos em termos de poluição e prevenção de inundaçÔes. Entretanto, atualmente os modelos existentes nĂŁo sĂŁo adaptados para essas bacias hidrograficas particulares. Nosso objetivo Ă© de desenvolver um tal modelo com base na analise do funcionamento da bacia hydrografica de La ChĂ©zine. Os primeiros resultados mostram que o estado hidrico do solo e a localização das zonas urbans sĂŁo dois fatores importantes para definir a função de transferĂȘncia dessa bacia. Em periodos secos, somente as zonas urbanas contribuem para o escoamento superficial enquanto em periodos humidos, as zonas rurais passam a contribuir de maneira significativa na resposta rapida dessa bacia periurbana. Palavras-chave Bacias peri-urbanas, função de transferĂȘncia, transferĂȘncia geomorfologica, modelagem precipitação/escoamento superficial, rede de drenage

    Etude numérique des orages supercellulaires en France

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    TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Vector representation of a complete urban drainage network for hydrological modelling at the whole city scale

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    13th International conference on Urban Drainage, SARAWAK, MALAISIE, 07-/09/2014 - 12/09/2014Our purpose is to develop a hydro-meteorological model able to evaluate the influence of urbanization and rainwater management strategies at the whole city scale. It has to reproduce realistic hydrological cycle at long time scale. The model resolution must be coherent with the spatial and temporal scales. The under development model, TEB-Hydro (Météo-France surface scheme SURFEX) was chosen. It represents simplified production processes in urban areas, using a meshed discretization of the space with a detailed level adapted to the entire town. However, the transfer processes are not yet implemented in TEB-Hydro. Indeed, an integrated vision of all rainwater pathways in the city does not exist at the scale of the entire town. This paper aims to reproduce a simplified but full hydrographic network corresponding to this integrated vision. Even if more and more data are available (DTM, urban data base), our aim is to develop a methodology allowing to build this integrated rainwater pathways from available and robust data coherent with each other. The needed data are DTM, land use, sewer data. This methodology is applied on the eastern part of Nantes (France). The obtained simplified hydrographic networks compare well with the main structure of the ?real? network
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