36 research outputs found
Methods for comparative evaluation of propulsion system designs for supersonic aircraft
The propulsion system comparative evaluation study was conducted to define a rapid, approximate method for evaluating the effects of propulsion system changes for an advanced supersonic cruise airplane, and to verify the approximate method by comparing its mission performance results with those from a more detailed analysis. A table look up computer program was developed to determine nacelle drag increments for a range of parametric nacelle shapes and sizes. Aircraft sensitivities to propulsion parameters were defined. Nacelle shapes, installed weights, and installed performance was determined for four study engines selected from the NASA supersonic cruise aircraft research (SCAR) engine studies program. Both rapid evaluation method (using sensitivities) and traditional preliminary design methods were then used to assess the four engines. The method was found to compare well with the more detailed analyses
âAlbania: âŹ1â or the story of âbig policies, small outcomesâ: how Albania constructs and engages its diaspora
Since the fall of the communist regime in the early 1990s, Albania has experienced one of the most significant emigrations in the world as a share of its population. By 2010 almost half of its resident population was estimated to be living abroad â primarily in neighbouring Greece and Italy, but also in the UK and North America. This chapter discusses the emergence and establishment of the Albanian diaspora, its temporal and geographical diversity, and not least its involvement with Albania itself. Albaniaâs policymaking and key institutions are considered, with a focus on matters of citizenship; voting rights; the debate on migration and development; and not least the complex ways in which kin-state minority policies â related to ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo, Montenegro, southern Serbia, Macedonia and Greece â are interwoven with Albaniaâs emigration policies
Portuguese Scientists' Migration: a study on the 2008 crisis aftermath
In the economic and social aftermath of the 2008 crisis there has been an important and growing new wave of highly qualified Portuguese emigration comprising scientists. No or very few public policies have been designed to reverse this phenomenon, risking the consequences of brain drain. International literature argues that professional reasons are central to scientistsâ decision to migrate, even after the 2008 crisis. Spending some time in a foreign country to study, research, or teach, is perceived as a common step in an individual academic trajectory and an advantage for a successful professional career in academia. It is also encouraged by European Union policies. Twelve individual portraits of Portuguese scientists living in central Europe reveal how important other factors are to the migration decisionâmaking process. These factors include the economic crisis, student mobility programmes, and the current Portuguese scientific system revision
Mismatches in the Formal Sector, Expansion of the Informal Sector: Immigration of Health Professionals to Italy
Italy has an aging population which is placing a strain on the public health system and on families. At the same time, it has a distorted market of supply of health professionals. Past over enrolment in medical faculties has produced a current glut of doctors, although shortages will appear as this cohort retires. It is difficult for foreign-trained doctors, and Italian-trained foreigners, to practice medicine in Italy. In nursing, the situation is more critical, with far fewer graduates of nursing schools than necessary even to meet replacement needs. Care for the aged, which was traditionally borne by families, has increasingly been delegated to informal immigrant workers. In the absence of major changes in the care industry, recruitment efforts for nurses and other health technicians has expanded to include other source countries. Obstacles to international recruitment of nurses have been reduced, both by simplifying recognition of foreign qualifications and by exempting nurses from limits on labour migration to Italy. However, a ban on permanent employment in the public sector has relegated foreign nurses largely to private sector and shorter-term contract work. National and local health authorities have also become involved in supporting international recruitment of nurses, often through private agencies. In the home-care sector, families have been granted more opportunities to hire care workers from abroad legally, and many local authorities are attempting to integrate this spontaneous private care into their eldercare system through skill upgrades and support. Nonetheless, international migration will not be sufficient to solve Italyâs health care professional needs. Le vieillissement de la population en Italie pĂšse lourdement sur le systĂšme de santĂ© public et les familles. ParallĂšlement, lâoffre de professionnels de la santĂ© sur le marchĂ© du travail est dĂ©sĂ©quilibrĂ©. Dans le passĂ©, le nombre excessif dâinscriptions dans les facultĂ©s de mĂ©decine a entrainĂ© une surabondance de mĂ©decins, mais des pĂ©nuries apparaĂźtront au fur et Ă mesure quâils partiront Ă la retraite. Il est difficile pour les mĂ©decins ayant Ă©tudiĂ© Ă lâĂ©tranger et les immigrĂ©s qui se sont qualifiĂ©s en Italie dâexercer la mĂ©decine dans ce pays. En ce qui concerne les infirmiĂšres, la situation est plus critique, avec un trop petit nombre de diplĂŽmĂ©s des Ă©coles dâinfirmiĂšres, mĂȘme pour satisfaire uniquement les besoins de remplacement. Les soins aux personnes ĂągĂ©es, incombant traditionnellement aux familles, ont Ă©tĂ© de plus en plus dĂ©lĂ©guĂ©s aux immigrĂ©s du secteur informel. En lâabsence de changements majeurs dans les politiques de la santĂ©, des efforts ont Ă©tĂ© faits pour recruter des infirmiĂšres et personnels de santĂ© dans dâautres pays dâorigine. La simplification de la reconnaissance des qualifications acquises Ă lâĂ©tranger et lâexemption de quotas dâinfirmiĂšres Ă©trangĂšres sur le marchĂ© du travail en Italie ont rĂ©duit les obstacles au recrutement international dâinfirmiĂšres. Cependant, lâinterdiction de les employer de façon permanente dans le secteur public a relĂ©guĂ© la majoritĂ© des infirmiĂšres Ă©trangĂšres dans le secteur privĂ© et dans les contrats de travail Ă court terme. Lâadministration sanitaire nationale et locale a aussi contribuĂ© au recrutement international des infirmiĂšres souvent par le biais dâagences privĂ©es. Dans le secteur des soins Ă domicile, les familles se sont vu octroyer plus dâopportunitĂ©s pour recruter lĂ©galement Ă lâĂ©tranger du personnel de soins Ă domicile. Beaucoup dâautoritĂ©s locales sâefforcent dâintĂ©grer ce type de soins privĂ©s dans leurs systĂšmes de soins aux personnes ĂągĂ©es en assistant les personnels soignants privĂ©s et en renforçant leurs compĂ©tences. NĂ©anmoins, les migrations internationales ne seront pas suffisantes pour rĂ©pondre aux besoins de lâItalie en professionnels de la santĂ©.
Managing highly-skilled labour migration: a comparative analysis of migration policies and challenges in OECD countries
Most OECD countries expect growing shortages of highly-skilled labour in the coming two decades, and immigration is viewed as one way of addressing these. Most OECD countries have introduced policies aimed at facilitating the recruitment of such workers in recent years and efforts along these lines can be expected to continue. This report provides an overview of the issues related to the management of highly skilled labour migration