Chemical constituents of the essential oil from Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae)

Essential oil was extracted from dried leaves of Syzygium cordatum by hydrodistillation. The components were identified by gas chromatography (GC/FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sixty compounds representing 79% of the S. cordatum oil were identified. The main constituents were 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecane-2-one (14.4%), 2,3-butanediol diacetate (13.3%), n-hexadeconic acid (7.2%), ethane, 2-chloro-1,-bis(2 chloroethoxy) (6.2%), Isopentyloxyethyl acetate (5.03%), methane and bis (2-chloroethoxy) (3.8%).Keywords: Syzygium cordatum, essential oil composition, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecane-2-one, 2, 3-butanediol diacetat

The efficacy of Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schum leaf extracts against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae)

Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schum is a medicinal deciduous tree with a history of traditional use. The use of biologically active plant materials with mosquitocidal characteristics has piqued the curiosity of scientists worldwide. The goal of this study was to see if P. longifolia crude extracts (in petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol) had any ovipositional deterrent, ovicidal, larvicidal, or pupicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi Liston. The LC50 and LC90 values were determined by varying the concentrations of the leaf extracts. The highest oviditerrence activity (98.58% at 900 ppm), 100% ovicidal activity at 1700 ppm, 100% larvicidal activity at 1300 ppm, and pupicidal activity at 2100 ppm were found in the methanol extract. This study's findings suggest that the methanol extract of P. longifolia could be used to control mosquitoes. These discoveries could aid in the development of a potential alternate source of mosquito control. These kinds of biological insect control methods reduce the need for synthetic pesticides. The study proves that controlling mosquitoes in their infancy is easier and more effective than controlling the adult mosquitoes

Chemical composition of essential oil of Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum (Myrtaceae)

The aim of this study was to investigate the essential oil composition of Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum from South Africa. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and the components were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil. A total of 53 chemical components were identified, accounting for 61% of the essential oil. The major component was caryophyllene oxide (12.43%), while other predominant constituents were identified as bicyclo(4.4.0)dec-l-ene (6.61%), 2,3-butanediol diacetate (4.84%) and patchoulene (4.73%). The presence of many terpenic and ester compounds is thought to contribute to the unique flavor of the P. cattleianum var. lucidum leaves.Keywords: Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum, essential oil, hydrodistillation, caryophyllene oxid

Synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles by callus cultures and in vitro derived plants of Catharanthus roseus

This study highlights the development of a biological method to synthesize silver nanoparticles using the aqueous leaf, callus, and root extracts of in vitro derived plants of Catharanthus roseus. The antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was assessed against different clinical samples such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. The highest antibacterial activity was noticed with stabilized silver nanoparticles against all the tested pathogens. Silver nanoparticles synthesized in this process are quiet fast and low cost. Therefore, current study justified the development of eco-friendly process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts which is an important step in the field of application of nanotechnology. This green chemistry has many advantages such as, quick production, cost effective and easy way to produce nanoparticles

A Study on Edible Polymer Films for Food Packaging Industry: Current Scenario and Advancements

Over the past two decades, food packaging and packaging industry have paid close attention to create biodegradable and edible polymer films and coatings. In a broad way, edible polymers emerged as a new class of materials that garnered significant properties due to their advantages over synthetic petroleum-based films. When compared to conventional packaging materials, edible polymer films can fundamentally simplify products, improving their potential to be recycled. This work aims to give readers a thorough introduction to edible polymer films, by discussing present research trends, classification, functionality and composition, fabrication, and characterization. The work also emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages of edible polymer films based on meat, poultry, dairy products, fruits, nuts, and vegetables

Detection of Glutathione S-Transferase gene (GST2, GST3) during induction of somatic embryogenesis in grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are an important group of multifunctional enzymes that belong to diverse multigene families. In plants these enzymes are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds, herbicide detoxification, and primary and secondary metaboplism and play an important role in plant growth and development. There are several reports that show that the expression of GST is linked to the developmental phases of somatic embryogenesis. This study highlights the detection of transcript abundances of glutathione S-transferase genes GST2 and GST3 in the process of somatic embryogenesis of Vitis vinifera, and the lack thereof in non-embryogenic tissue of leaf cultures of grape (control). These results indicate that the expression of GST2 and GST3 could be used as a molecular signal for the identification of embryogenic cultures during the early development of somatic embryos

Endophytic Mycoflora and Their Bioactive Compounds from Azadirachta Indica: A Comprehensive Review

Plants are all inhabited by endophytic fungi in the interior of their tissues. The neem tree Azadirachta is an Indian lilac used for various therapeutic purposes in different forms of preparations. This plant hosts different types of endophytic fungi. In some cases, different tissues of a given plant are inhabited by different endophytic fungi which are discussed in this paper. Recently, there have been new reports on endophytic fungi and their bioactive compounds from Azadirachta indica. The biological function of bioactive compounds was discussed in view of their future industrial prospects. There are a number of different research investigations that examine the endophytes isolated and screened for their potential bioactive secondary metabolites from neem, but there is no comprehensive review on neem endophytes and their secondary metabolites to bring all trends from different researchers together. Therefore, in this review, we have discussed the endophytic fungi from the different tissues of neem, in view of the latest understandings of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and pathogenicity target compounds. Importantly, tracing the previous findings would pave the way to forecast the missing link for future work by researchers

Antimosquito Properties of 2-Substituted Phenyl/benzylamino-6-(4- chlorophenyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-methyl-3,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium Chlorides Against Anopheles arabiensis

Eight novel dihydropyrimidine analogs named DHPM1-DHPM8 was synthesized in their hydrochloride salt form using one pot synthesis between methyl 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate and substituted arylamines in isopropanol. The antimosquito effect of the test compounds were assessed against the adult mosquito Anopheles arabiensis. For adulticidal properties the test compounds were sprayed onto ceramic tiles and screened using the cone bio-assay method. The larvicidal activity was tested by monitoring larval mortality daily and up to 3 days of exposure. Repellency properties were tested in a feeding-probe assay using unfed female Anopheles arabiensis. Compounds DHPM1, DHPM4, DHPM5 and DHPM6 exerted larval mortality equivalent to temephos (trade name Abate, a commercial larvicidal compound). Compounds DHPM1 to DHPM5 repelled or knocked down 92 to 98% of mosquitoes exposed to rodent skin treated with the compounds. None of the compounds showed any significant activity against the adult mosquito Anopheles arabiensis.Fil: Narayanaswamy, Venugopala K.. Durban University of Technology; SudáfricaFil: Gleiser, Raquel M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinar de Biología Vegetal (p). Grupo Vinculado Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluacion de Recursos Agricolas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Chalannavar, Raju K.. Durban University of Technology; SudáfricaFil: Odhav, Bharti. Durban University of Technology; Sudáfric

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by the "NALIKE" community in the Bantwala taluk of Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India

The "Nalike" community, also known as Panar, is one of the tribal communities in the Bantwala taluk in Karnataka's Dakshina Kannada district. In addition to the practise of ritual dance, the majority of the families in this community embrace traditional medication as a source of income. For the ethnobotanical survey, a total of 25 informants were chosen and documented 160 medicinal plant species from 65 families including their botanical name, trivial name, family name, plant parts used, and medicinal uses. The most frequent families are Leguminosae (17 species), Rubiaceae (9 species), Apocynaceae (7 species), Myrtaceae (7 species), and Lamiaceae (7 species). To cure various disorders, different portions of medicinal plants are employed in the manufacture of various types of traditional medicine such as decoction, infusion, paste, or powder. A total of 39 diseases were identified and classified into nine disease categories. All informants treat paralysis with Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum verum, and Glycyrrhiza glabra, as well as other medicinal plants in various combinations, in the category of neurological illnesses