344 research outputs found
Physiological markers of challenge and threat mediate the effects of performance-based goals on performance
Manuscript "in press", Journal of Experimental Social PsychologyWe predicted that adopting a performance-approach vs. performance-avoidance goal would lead to physiological responses characteristic of psychological states of challenge vs. threat appraisals, respectively. Furthermore, we predicted that these states would mediate the effects of goals on performance. Twenty-seven undergraduate females performed a task described as identifying either exceptionally strong performers (performance-approach goal) or exceptionally weak performers (performance-avoidance goal). Participants' cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) was recorded while they performed the task. As predicted, participants in the performance-approach goal condition performed better on the task than did those in the performance-avoidance goal condition. Also as predicted, those in the former condition exhibited a challenge pattern of CVR whereas those in the latter condition exhibited a threat pattern of CVR. Furthermore, physiological responses mediated the effects of performance-based goals on performance
Investigating Physiological and Self-Reported Mediators of Stereotype Lift Effects on a Motor Task
International audienceAchievement gaps between social groups may result from stereotype threat effects but also from stereotype lift effects – the performance boost caused by the awareness that an outgroup is negatively stereotyped. We examined stereotype lift and threat effects in the motor domain and investigated their mediation by task involvement and self-confidence. Physiological (heart rate reactivity) and self-reported indices were used to examine these questions. Males and females performed a balance task about which negative stereotypes about either males or females were given. No gender information was given in a third (control) condition. Results showed no stereotype threat but a stereotype lift effect, participants performing significantly better after negative outgroup stereotypes were explicitly linked to performance on the balance task compared to the other conditions. Concerning males, this effect was mediated by higher self-confidence and task involvement. The implications of these results for understanding the gender inequalities in sports and physical activities are discussed
Do Achievement Goals Mediate Stereotype Threat? An Investigation on Females' Soccer Performance
International audienceThis research investigated stereotype threat effects on women's performance in sports and examined the mediation of this effect by achievement goals. The influence of two stereotypes – relative to the poor athletic ability and the poor technical soccer ability of women – were studied. Fifty-one female soccer players were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, introducing the task as diagnostic of athletic ability, technical soccer ability, or sports psychology. Next, they filled out a questionnaire measuring achievement goals and performed a soccer-dribbling task. Results showed that compared to the control condition, females' performance significantly decreased in the athletic ability condition and tended to decrease in the technical soccer ability condition. Moreover, participants endorsed a performance-avoidance (relative to performance-approach) goal when the stereotypes were activated. However, this goal endorsement was not related to performance. The implications of these results for understanding the role of stereotypes in gender inequalities in sports are discussed
Physiological markers of challenge and threat mediate the effects of performance-based goals on performance
We predicted that adopting a performance-approach vs. performance-avoidance goal would lead to physiological responses characteristic of psychological states of challenge vs. threat appraisals, respectively. Furthermore, we predicted that these states would mediate the effects of goals on performance. Twenty-seven undergraduate females performed a task described as identifying either exceptionally strong performers (performance-approach goal) or exceptionally weak performers (performance-avoidance goal). Participants’ cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) was recorded while they performed the task. As predicted, participants in the performance-approach goal condition performed better on the task than did those in the performance-avoidance goal condition. Also as predicted, those in the former condition exhibited a challenge pattern of CVR whereas those in the latter condition exhibited a threat pattern of CVR. Furthermore, physiological responses mediated the effects of performance-based goals on performance
An Ego Depletion Account of Aging Stereotypes' Effects on Health-Related Variables
Objectives. This study examined whether stereotypes may predict health outcomes independently from their internalization into the self. Specifically, we tested whether endorsement of negative age stereotypes in the physical activity (PA) domain is related to decreased subjective vitality among active older adults, illustrating ego depletion. Method. This longitudinal study included 192 retired individuals aged 60-92 years who regularly participated in organized PA, and who completed the measures on three occasions (9-month period). Results. Multilevel growth models tested whether within-person variation in age stereotypes endorsement across waves predicted subjective vitality, after controlling for self-perceptions of aging and relevant covariates. Results showed that (a) within-person increases in endorsement of age stereotypes of self-efficacy (b = 0.17, p < .01) were associated with increases in subjective vitality, (b) between-person mean difference in endorsement of age stereotypes of PA benefits (b = 0.21, p < .05) positively predicted subjective vitality, and (c) subjective vitality mediated the relationship between endorsement of self-efficacy stereotype and self-rated health. Discussion. This study confirmed that endorsement of age stereotypes of PA predicted subjective vitality among active older adults. These results suggest that stereotypes may be related to health-related outcomes notably through ego depletion effect
Relation entre les stéréotypes sexués associés aux pratiques sportives et la motivation autodéterminée des élèves en éducation physique et sportive
A Five-year Spectroscopic and Photometric Campaign on the Prototypical alpha Cygni Variable and A-type Supergiant Star Deneb
Deneb is often considered the prototypical A-type supergiant, and is one of
the visually most luminous stars in the Galaxy. A-type supergiants are
potential extragalactic distance indicators, but the variability of these stars
needs to be better characterized before this technique can be considered
reliable. We analyzed 339 high resolution echelle spectra of Deneb obtained
over the five-year span of 1997 through 2001 as well as 370 Stromgren
photometric measurements obtained during the same time frame. Our spectroscopic
analysis included dynamical spectra of the H-alpha profile, H-alpha equivalent
widths, and radial velocities measured from Si II 6347, 6371. Time-series
analysis reveals no obvious cyclic behavior that proceeds through multiple
observing seasons, although we found a suspected 40 day period in two,
non-consecutive observing seasons. Some correlations are found between
photometric and radial velocity data sets, and suggest radial pulsations at two
epochs. No correlation is found between the variability of the H-alpha profiles
and that of the radial velocities or the photometry. Lucy (1976) found evidence
that Deneb was a long period single-lined spectroscopic binary star, but our
data set shows no evidence for radial velocity variations caused by a binary
companion.Comment: 49 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in the
Astronomical Journa
The GraF instrument for imaging spectroscopy with the adaptive optics
The GraF instrument using a Fabry-Perot interferometer cross-dispersed with a
grating was one of the first integral-field and long-slit spectrographs built
for and used with an adaptive optics system. We describe its concept, design,
optimal observational procedures and the measured performances. The instrument
was used in 1997-2001 at the ESO 3.6 m telescope equipped with ADONIS adaptive
optics and SHARPII+ camera. The operating spectral range was 1.2 - 2.5 microns.
We used the spectral resolution from 500 to 10 000 combined with the angular
resolution of 0.1" - 0.2". The quality of GraF data is illustrated by the
integral field spectroscopy of the complex 0.9" x 0.9" central region of Eta
Car in the 1.7 microns spectral range at the limit of spectral and angular
resolutions.Comment: 36 pages, 12 figures, accepted by Ex
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