The studio of Guido Reni

Bereits im siebzehntes Jahrhundert wurde Guido Reni als einer der talentiertesten Künstler seiner Generation gerühmt. Reni lockte die Aufmerksamkeit der reichsten und mächtigsten Kunstmäzene seiner Zeit an. Tatsächlich gehörte Reni zu einer neuen Generation von renommierten Künstlern, die auf Freiheit und Unabhängigkeit in ihrem Beruf bestanden. Reni gründet eine Werkstatt in Bologna und es war sein Ziel seine Schüler und Assistenten in seinem Stil auszubilden. Daher fungierte Renis Werkstatt sowohl als Lehr- als auch Arbeitsstätte, man spezialisierte sich auf Reproduktionen in Renis Stil. Das Ziel meiner Arbeit ist Renis Bologneser Werkstatt genauer unter die Lupe zu nehmen. Ich bespreche nicht nur Renis früher Karriere am Anfang des siebzehntes Jahrhunderts in Rom und den Umständen, die zu seinem schnellen sozialen und finanziellen Aufstieg führten, sondern auch die Stadt Bologna als Zentrum für Kunst und Handel. Weiters diskutiere ich den Verdienst von Carlo Cesare Malvasias Felsina Pittrice, der die bedeutendste Biographie von Guido Reni geschrieben hat. Und schließlich bespreche ich Renis Werkstatt in der via della Pescherie in Bologna, den Alltag und andere Details über Renis Lehr- und Arbeitsmethoden sowie eine Reihe von Biographien der vielen Schüler und Assistenten und die Erläuterung ihrer Tätigkeiten in Renis Bolognesischer Werkstatt.Hailed as one of the most talented painters of the seventeenth century, Guido Reni attracted the attention of the wealthiest and most influential patrons of his time. Reni belonged to a new generation of artists whose outstanding reputation allowed them to enjoy freedom and autonomy in their profession. Reni’s high social standing and sound financial grounding meant he was no longer restricted to working as a salaried painter in Rome but could open his own studio in his native Bologna. It was Reni’s goal to teach his numerous students and assistants how to masterfully emulate his style. In other words, Renis via della Pescherie studio acted as both a school and a workshop, which specialized in reproducing works in Reni's style. The goal of this study is to take an accurate account of Guido Reni’s studio in Bologna. I take a close look at Reni’s career and the circumstances surrounding his rapid rise to wealth and fame during the early seventeenth century in Rome. I investigate the city of Bologna as a center for art and trade and I discuss the merits the Bolognese writer Carlo Cesare Malvasia, who is the main biographer of Guido Reni. Then I discuss the day-to-day activities in Reni’s bottega, such as the details about his teaching and production methods. Finally, I conclude my study with a number of short biographies of Reni’s known pupils and assistants and highlight the extent of their contributions to his via della Pescherie studio in Bologna

CONCERNING THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SYNDROME OF PSYCHIC AUTOMATISM

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Внутренний и внешний рынки труда: особенности и взаимоотношения

У статті розглянуто основні характеристики внутрішнього та зовнішнього ринків праці. Зазначено основні переваги та недоліки внутрішнього та зовнішнього ринків праці. Наведено особливості взаємодії внутрішнього та зовнішнього ринків праці. Визначено основні показники аналізу внутрішнього та зовнішнього ринків праці.The aim of this article is to explore the characteristics of internal and external labour market and to describe the features of their interaction. The terms “internal labour market” and “external labour market” are defined. The structures of such types of the labour market are pointed out. The internal and the external labour markets are compared. Advantages and disadvantages of the internal and the external labour markets are highlighted. The real place for realization of social and labour relations is enterprises — internal labour market — where there is a direct contact between the employer and employees. In the internal labour market the demand for workforce is created, the movement of workforce occurs and the working potential of employees is used and developed. The internal labour market does not exist in isolation, but it is closely linked with the external labour market. Such interaction is represented by the movement of workers between the internal and the external labour markets as well as the formation of the image and reputation of the company. The development of the internal labour market, together with great interaction with the external labour market, makes formation of a positive employer brand as well as increases employees’ satisfaction with their work.В статье рассмотрены основные характеристики внутреннего и внешнего рынков труда. Указаны основные преимущества и недостатки внутреннего и внешнего рынков труда. Приведены особенности взаимодействия внутреннего и внешнего рынков труда. Определены основные показатели анализа внутреннего и внешнего рынков труда

A dynamical model reveals gene co-localizations in nucleus

Co-localization of networks of genes in the nucleus is thought to play an important role in determining gene expression patterns. Based upon experimental data, we built a dynamical model to test whether pure diffusion could account for the observed co-localization of genes within a defined subnuclear region. A simple standard Brownian motion model in two and three dimensions shows that preferential co-localization is possible for co-regulated genes without any direct interaction, and suggests the occurrence may be due to a limitation in the number of available transcription factors. Experimental data of chromatin movements demonstrates that fractional rather than standard Brownian motion is more appropriate to model gene mobilizations, and we tested our dynamical model against recent static experimental data, using a sub-diffusion process by which the genes tend to colocalize more easily. Moreover, in order to compare our model with recently obtained experimental data, we studied the association level between genes and factors, and presented data supporting the validation of this dynamic model. As further applications of our model, we applied it to test against more biological observations. We found that increasing transcription factor number, rather than factory number and nucleus size, might be the reason for decreasing gene co-localization. In the scenario of frequency-or amplitude-modulation of transcription factors, our model predicted that frequency-modulation may increase the co-localization between its targeted genes

Nuclear RNA sequencing of the mouse erythroid cell transcriptome.

In addition to protein coding genes a substantial proportion of mammalian genomes are transcribed. However, most transcriptome studies investigate steady-state mRNA levels, ignoring a considerable fraction of the transcribed genome. In addition, steady-state mRNA levels are influenced by both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, and thus do not provide a clear picture of transcriptional output. Here, using deep sequencing of nuclear RNAs (nucRNA-Seq) in parallel with chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) of active RNA polymerase II, we compared the nuclear transcriptome of mouse anemic spleen erythroid cells with polymerase occupancy on a genome-wide scale. We demonstrate that unspliced transcripts quantified by nucRNA-seq correlate with primary transcript frequencies measured by RNA FISH, but differ from steady-state mRNA levels measured by poly(A)-enriched RNA-seq. Highly expressed protein coding genes showed good correlation between RNAPII occupancy and transcriptional output; however, genome-wide we observed a poor correlation between transcriptional output and RNAPII association. This poor correlation is due to intergenic regions associated with RNAPII which correspond with transcription factor bound regulatory regions and a group of stable, nuclear-retained long non-coding transcripts. In conclusion, sequencing the nuclear transcriptome provides an opportunity to investigate the transcriptional landscape in a given cell type through quantification of unspliced primary transcripts and the identification of nuclear-retained long non-coding RNAs

An overview of early investigational drugs for the treatment of human papilloma virus infection and associated dysplasia

Introduction: High-risk HPV (HR-HPV) related invasive cervical cancer (ICC) causes >270,000 deaths per annum world-wide with over 85% of these occurring in low-resource countries. Ablative and excisional treatment modalities are restricted for use with high-grade pre-cancerous cervical disease with HPV infection and low-grade dysplasia mostly managed by a watch-and-wait policy.Areas Covered: Various pharmacological approaches have been investigated as non-destructive alternatives for the treatment of HR-HPV infection and associated dysplasia. These are discussed dealing with efficacy, ease-of-use (physician or self-applied), systemic or locally applied, side-effects, cost and risks. The main focus is the perceived impact on current clinical practice of a self-applied, effective and safe pharmacological anti-HPV treatment.Expert opinion: Current prophylactic HPV vaccines are expensive, HPV type restricted and have little effect in already infected women. Therapeutic vaccines are under development but are also HPV type-restricted. At present, the developed nations use national cytology screening and surgical procedures to treat only women identified with HPV-related high-grade dysplastic disease. However, since HPV testing is rapidly replacing cytology as the test-of-choice, a suitable topically-applied and low-cost antiviral treatment could be an ideal solution for treatment of HPV infection per se with test-of-cure carried out by repeat HPV testing. Cytology would only then be necessary for women who remained HPV positive. Although of significant benefit in the developed countries, combining such a treatment with self-sampled HPV testing could revolutionise the management of this disease in the developing world which lack both the infrastructure and resources to establish national cytology screening programs

Intergenic Transcription, Cell-Cycle and the Developmentally Regulated Epigenetic Profile of the Human Beta-Globin Locus

Several lines of evidence have established strong links between transcriptional activity and specific post-translation modifications of histones. Here we show using RNA FISH that in erythroid cells, intergenic transcription in the human β-globin locus occurs over a region of greater than 250 kb including several genes in the nearby olfactory receptor gene cluster. This entire region is transcribed during S phase of the cell cycle. However, within this region there are ∼20 kb sub-domains of high intergenic transcription that occurs outside of S phase. These sub-domains are developmentally regulated and enriched with high levels of active modifications primarily to histone H3. The sub-domains correspond to the β-globin locus control region, which is active at all developmental stages in erythroid cells, and the region flanking the developmentally regulated, active globin genes. These results correlate high levels of non-S phase intergenic transcription with domain-wide active histone modifications to histone H3

Myc dynamically and preferentially relocates to a transcription factory occupied by Igh.

Transcription in mammalian nuclei is highly compartmentalized in RNA polymerase II-enriched nuclear foci known as transcription factories. Genes in cis and trans can share the same factory, suggesting that genes migrate to preassembled transcription sites. We used fluorescent in situ hybridization to investigate the dynamics of gene association with transcription factories during immediate early (IE) gene induction in mouse B lymphocytes. Here, we show that induction involves rapid gene relocation to transcription factories. Importantly, we find that the Myc proto-oncogene on Chromosome 15 is preferentially recruited to the same transcription factory as the highly transcribed Igh gene located on Chromosome 12. Myc and Igh are the most frequent translocation partners in plasmacytoma and Burkitt lymphoma. Our results show that transcriptional activation of IE genes involves rapid relocation to preassembled transcription factories. Furthermore, the data imply a direct link between the nonrandom interchromosomal organization of transcribed genes at transcription factories and the incidence of specific chromosomal translocations

DNA Methylation and Expression Patterns of Key Tissue-specific Genes in Adult Stem Cells and Stomach Tissues

CpG-island margins and non-island-CpG sites round the transcription start sites of CpG-island-positive and -negative genes are methylated to various degrees in a tissue-specific manner. These methylation-variable CpG sites were analyzed to delineate a relationship between the methylation and transcription of the tissue-specific genes. The level of tissue-specific transcription was estimated by counting the number of the total transcripts in the SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) database. The methylation status of 12 CpG-island margins and 21 non-island CpG sites near the key tissue-specific genes was examined in pluripotent stromal cells obtained from fat and bone marrow samples as well as in lineage-committed cells from marrow bulk, stomach, colon, breast, and thyroid samples. Of the 33 CpG sites examined, 10 non-island-CpG sites, but none of the CpG-island margins were undermethylated concurrent with tissue-specific expression of their nearby genes. The net methylation of the 33 CpG sites and the net amount of non-island-CpG gene transcripts were high in stomach tissues and low in stromal cells. The present findings suggest that the methylation of the non-island-CpG sites is inversely associated with the expression of the nearby genes, and the concert effect of transitional-CpG methylation is linearly associated with the stomach-specific genes lacking CpG-islands

An intergenic non-coding RNA promoter required for histone modifications in the human ß-globin chromatin domain

Transcriptome analyses show a surprisingly large proportion of the mammalian genome is transcribed; much more than can be accounted for by genes and introns alone. Most of this transcription is non-coding in nature and arises from intergenic regions, often overlapping known protein-coding genes in sense or antisense orientation. The functional relevance of this widespread transcription is unknown. Here we characterize a promoter responsible for initiation of an intergenic transcript located approximately 3.3 kb and 10.7 kb upstream of the adult-specific human ß-globin genes. Mutational analyses in ß-YAC transgenic mice show that alteration of intergenic promoter activity results in ablation of H3K4 di- and tri-methylation and H3 hyperacetylation extending over a 30 kb region immediately downstream of the initiation site, containing the adult [delta]- and ß-globin genes. This results in dramatically decreased expression of the adult genes through position effect variegation in which the vast majority of definitive erythroid cells harbor inactive adult globin genes. In contrast, expression of the neighboring [epsilon]- and [gamma]-globin genes is completely normal in embryonic erythroid cells, indicating a developmentally specific variegation of the adult domain. Our results demonstrate a role for intergenic non-coding RNA transcription in the propagation of histone modifications over chromatin domains and epigenetic control of ß-like globin gene transcription during development