Manufacturing, Testing and Modeling of Advanced Filament Wound Grid Stiffened Composite Cylinders

Advanced Grid Stiffened (AGS) structures are a kind of FRP composites that are being extensively used in many engineering fields because of their inherent advantages. Hence it is of utmost importance to understand the basic mechanism of these structures in order to develop better models and to find ways to improve their efficiency. This thesis discusses the manufacturing technology used viz. the filament winding technique to fabricate grid stiffened composite cylinders. A step by step procedure of the fabrication process of grid cylinders is explained. The confinement effectiveness of the AGS cylinders is evaluated by filling them with concrete and subjecting the specimens to uniaxial compression tests. The results from the experiments show that the grid stiffened cylinders have more load carrying capacity than the normal FRP pipes. The stiffeners in the grid structures increase the structural capacity and also prevent the global buckling of the grid cylinders. It is seen that the skin wound at a certain angle provides satisfactory lateral confinement to the grid structure and the desired composite action is achieved between the grid structure and the skin. The AGS structures are able to effectively confine the concrete, thereby increasing their strength multi-fold. To validate the results obtained from the experiments a 3-D finite element model of the grid stiffened cylinder was developed using ANSYS. The nonlinear behavior of the materials used in the experiments was incorporated into the FEA model by considering the appropriate stress-strain relationships. The behavior of the confined concrete composite cylinder was modeled using a non-associative Drucker-Prager plasticity criterion. The validated FEA model was used to perform a parametric analysis. Several design parameters were identified that seem to have an effect on the load carrying capacity of the grid structures. These parameters were then varied using the FEA model to evaluate the structural behavior of the cylinders and the results were analyzed to efficiently design high strength grid stiffened composite cylinders. Finally a discussion of the results from both the experiments and the FEA model are presented and general conclusions are drawn

Museums and Heritage Sites — The Missing Link in Smart City Planning: A Case Study of Pune City, India

The process of urbanisation has dramatically increased in India in recent years. The Government of India launched Smart City Mission in 2015 which was intended to transform 100 cities into smart cities. The focus of our research is one such city in India on its path to smartification. Pune’s smart city mission focuses on techno-infrastructural development to increase mobility and digital connectivity. Social-cultural and historical indicators are not considered an integral part of this development. Given this, does the smart city mission of Pune privilege the techno-infrastructural development of a city over its social and cultural development?  In this paper, we identify museums and heritage sites in Pune as signifiers of a city's culture and analyse metro development plans through GIS to understand whether the museums' current geography mentioned above and heritage sites require alignment with Pune’s planned smart city mission. The research shows that the quest to ‘upgrade’ and ‘modernise’ is not adequately aligned with the role of key historic-cultural institutions such as museums and heritage sites. The case of Pune city shows that, without careful and inclusive development plan, a full roll-out of the smart city project will exclude a large number of historical and cultural spaces such as museums and heritage sites from emerging as an integral part of smart cities across the country and render them peripheral to modern urban life. &nbsp

Simultaneous estimation of Amino acids by using HPLC

Various methods for the individual as well as simultaneous estimation of amino acids using various techniques like HPLC and other way outs like electrophoresis have been described in this review paper. The amino acid determination by using HPLC can either be done by using pre-column or post column derivatization. The amino acid is first derivatized into a particular derivative and then is analysed into the column in the case of pre-column derivatization, whereas in the case of post column derivatization, the amino acid is first passed through the column for the sake of separation and then the separated amino acids are derivatized into their such derivatives which can be detected by fluorescence detector. Out of the above two mentioned techniques, pre-column derivatization is used more oftenly than the post column derivatization. Few of the most commonly used derivatization agents are phenylisothiocyanate, o-phthalaldehyde+2-mercaptoethanol, dansyl chloride, phenylthiohydantoin etc

Formulación y Optimización del Sistema Flotante de Amoxicilina para el tratamiento efectivo de la infección por Helicobacter pylori

The authors thank DST-FIST Lab (RERDS-CPR), R&D Director, for providing necessary facilities and assistance to perform this research work.Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio fue formular y caracterizar el Sistema Flotante (FRS, siglas en Inglés) de Amoxicilina para prolongar el tiempo de residencia gástrica y liberación del fármaco para el enfoque efectivo del Helicobacter pylori. Método: Para el presente estudio se seleccionaron como factores goma guar, Monoestearato de glicerilo (GMS), carbonato de calcio. Como reacciones, se seleccionaros el período de congelación (h), el lapso de flotación (min), y el porcentaje acumulado de liberación del fármaco (CDR). Para la experimentación se seleccionaron el diseño factorial 23 con réplicas. Resultados: Se observó que la goma guar y el GMS fueron los factores principales que afectaron el período de congelación y mostraron un efecto sinérgico (positivo). Mientras que la goma guar y el carbonato de calcio mostraron un efecto positivo y el GMS mostró un efecto antagónico (negativo) en el lapso de flotación. El porcentaje CDR mostró un efecto antagónico en todos los factores. Se emplearon curvas de nivel para identificar el diseño del espacio, análisis numéricos posteriores produjeron 12 soluciones óptimas en base a la deseabilidad. El FRS mostró un mayor AUCo-t, Cmax, tmaxy t1/2 cuando se comparó con la formulación comercial, aproximadamente 2.30 cambios múltiplos y prolongación con liberación sostenida por más de 24 h que pudo deberse a una mejor congelación. Conclusiones: Se puede concluir que el sistema flotante se desarrolló satisfactoriamente por la aplicación del Diseño de Experimentos (DoE) con menores ensayos y utilizando fácilmente los excipientes disponibles para una mejor flotación, congelación y suministro constante del fármaco.Introduction: The aim of the present study was to develop and to characterize the floating raft system (FRS) of Amoxicillin to enhance gastric residence time and drug release to target Helicobacter pylori effectively. Method: In the present study, guar gum, glyceryl monostearate (GMS), calcium carbonate were selected as factors. Gelation duration (h), floating lag time (min), and % Cumulative drug release (CDR) were selected as responses. 23 factorial design with replicates was selected for experimentation. Results: It was observed that guar gum and GMS were the major factors affecting gelation duration, increase in the quantity of both guar gum and GMS increased gelation duration i.e., sustained gelation period (24 h). Floating time increased with an increase in the amount of guar gum and calcium carbonate, whereas an increase in the quantity of GMS decreased floating time. Guar gum, calcium carbonate, and GMS exhibited an antagonistic effect on % CDR. Contour plots were used to identify design space; further numerical analysis yielded 12 best solutions based on desirability. FRS exhibited greater AUCo-t, Cmax, tmax, and t1/2 when compared to marketed formulation approximately 2.30 folds enhancement and prolongation with a sustained release for greater than 24 h that might be due to better gelation. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the floating raft system was successfully developed by the Design of experiment (DoE) application with fewer trails and by utilizing easily available excipients for better floating, gelation, and sustained delivery of the drug

Preemptive Routing & Intrusion Detection for MANETs

An ad-hoc network will often change rapidly in topology, this courses for routes in the network to often disappear and new to arise. The Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol(AODV), is based on the principle of discover routes as needed. In this paper we will extend the definition of AODV with the ability to discover multiple routes to a host and switch between them, if an active route is becoming weak and there is a risk that it will disappear. We will refer to it as pre-emptive AOMDV . We will show that the performance of pre-emptive AOMDV do handle changes in topology better than AODV it self. To show the effect of extending AODV, the suggested protocol is implemented in a simulator. Performance enhancements will be presented from different scenarios, to compare pre-emptive AOMDV with the ordinary AODV. In this paper we also focus on intrusion detection based on Finite State Machine and cache memory in ad hoc networks. Security is one of the most important issues in current networks. The most common cases of attacks in mobile Ad hoc networks can be drop of routing packets and changes in the incoming packets which aims at disrupting the network routing and overall network reduce performance. The presented approach based on FSM focuses at recognizing the malicious nodes within the network in a fast and accurate way, then it deals with rapid introduction of the malicious nodes to other nodes in the network to prevent sending multiple packets and drop and packet change. Finally, we will show the significant improvement in comparison with others, we simulated our methods by NS2 software

Gamma glutamyl transferase in Type II diabetes mellitus patients attending tertiary care academic hospital

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. It is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in adults worldwide, posing serious medical, socioeconomic, and rehabilitation problems. Rapid diagnosis plays an important role in the management of DM. Gama glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an example of one of these biomarkers. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the correlation of GGT in Type 2 DM patients. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, B.J. government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital Pune, Maharashtra. The study period was from December 2015 to June 2017. A total of 70 newly diagnosed Type 2 DM patient aged between 40 and 60 years with blood glucose level more than 126 mg/dL in fasting and more than 200 mg/dL post-prandial were included in the study. Results: The mean GGT in control group was 26.5 U/L and in diabetic group was 58.5 U/L. The GGT values were significantly raised in diabetic (case group) as compared to control group (P<0.0017). Conclusion: GGT can be considered as an important biomarker in monitoring and preventing complication associated with Type 2 DM

What determines violence among female sex workers in an intimate partner relationship? Findings from North Karnataka, south India.

BACKGROUND: Like other women in India, female sex workers (FSWs) frequently experience violence from their intimate partners (IPs)-a reality that increases their risk of acquiring HIV or other sexually transmitted infections. Less is known about the nature of these intimate relationships or what aspect of the relationship increases the risk of IP violence (IPV). We measured the prevalence and determinants of IPV on FSWs in the context of north Karnataka, India, characterized by high HIV-prevalence and extreme poverty. METHODS: Overall 620 FSWs with an IP participated in a baseline survey conducted for an on-going cluster-randomised controlled trial aiming to evaluate the impact of a multi-level intervention on IPV reduction. We characterize the nature of intimate relationships and explored determinants of severe physical and/or sexual IP violence using univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The median age of participants was 35 years with 10 years of duration in an intimate relationship. Though most relationships originated from a sex work encounter, 84% stated that IPs did not know they were currently practicing sex work. In past 6 months, the experience of emotional violence was 49% (95%CI:45.2-53.2), physical 33% (95%CI:29.5-37.1) and sexual violence 7% (95%CI:4.8-8.9), while 24% (95%CI:21.0-27.9) FSWs experienced recent severe physical and/or sexual violence from IPs. Factors associated with recent IPV included experience of physical and/or sexual violence from their clients in last 6 months (AOR 2.20; 95%CI: 1.29-3.75), sexual intercourse in the past 1 month when their IP was under the influence of alcohol (AOR 2.30; 95%CI: 1.47-3.59) and providing financial support to their IP (AOR 2.07; 95%CI: 1.28-3.34). CONCLUSIONS: The association between increased risk of violence and provision of financial support to an IP is indicative of gendered power dynamics as men remain dominant irrespective of their financial dependency on FSWs. Interventions are needed that address inequitable gender norms which makes FSWs tolerate violence even though she is not financially dependent on IP. Higher likelihood of violence in presence of alcohol use and FSWs' previous experience of workplace violence linked to IPV call for strengthening the crisis management systems within community-based organisations that can address all forms of violence and associated risk factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials NCT02807259