Els republicans de la primera Restauració a Figueres

Figueres, bressol del republicanisme català, comptarà a partir de la Restauració dels Borbons, el 1875, amb importants nuclis d’ideologia republicana. Si bé el nucli federal de Pi iMargall serà el majoritari al llarg del període, també hi haurà una significativa presència dels altres, especialment el progressista de Ruiz Zorrilla i el possibilista de Castelar. Tots comptaran amb els seus propis mitjans d’expressió (El Ampurdanés, La República, La Evolución, etc.), encara que no tots van tenir ni el mateix pes ni la mateixa vida, essent predominants els que defensaven el pensament republicà federal. Igualment, tots ells comptaran amb representació de regidors a l’Ajuntament d’una forma continuada, destacant les figures de Joan M. Bofill, Martí Carreras, Ramon Pascal, Tomàs Jordà, entre d’altres.Figueres, birthplace of Catalan republicanism, would see important centres of republican ideology after the Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 1875. While the federal nucleus around Pi i Margall will represent the majority over the period, there would also be a significant presence of others, especially the progressive movement of Ruiz Zorrilla and the possibilism of Castelar. Each would have its own channel of expression (El Ampurdanés, La República, La Evolución, etc.), though not all had the same weight nor lasted the same and, again, those defending the federal republican ideology predominated. However, all had a continuous representation at the city council where men like Joan M. Bofill, Martí Carreras, Ramon Pascal, Tomàs Jordà, among others, stood out

El Rosselló vist pels viatgers anteriors al tractat dels Pirineus (segles XV-XVII)

El comtat de Rosselló va formar part de la corona catalanoaragonesa fins al 1659, quan el tractat dels Pirineus el va deslligar políticament del regne d’Espanya. Fins a aquells moments havia compartit amb l’Empordà i la resta de Catalunya diversos aspectes històrics, econòmics, socials, antropològics, culturals, lingüístics, etc., molts dels quals ens han estat tramesos a través dels relats dels viatgers que van travessar aquestes terres entre els segles XV i XVII. En la comunicació es fa una aproximació a algunes de les visions que una vintena d’aquests viatgers (Rosmithal de Blatna, Münzer, Guicciardini, Navajero, Cavalli, Platter, Cuelbis, etc.) ens han deixat en els seus diaris, incidint especialment en els aspectes que més els van cridar l’atenció, entre d’altres: el paisatge, les poblacions, les fortificacions, els perills dels camins i la llengua dels rossellonesos.The Roussillon county was part of the Catalan-Aragonese crown until 1659 when the Treaty of the Pyrenees cut it politically from the Spanish kingdom. It had shared with the Empordà and the rest of Catalonia many different aspects until then: historical, economic, social, anthropological, cultural, linguistic, etc.Many of these have been transmitted to us through writings of travellers who passed through these territories between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. The present article approaches some of the perspectives given by about twenty of these travellers (Rosmithal de Blatna, Münzer, Guicciardini, Navajero, Cavalli, Platter, Cuelbis, etc.) in their diaries, concentrating on aspects which especially had caught their attention, among others: landscapes, villages, fortifications, dangers on the roads and the language of the people of the Roussillon

La proclamació de la Primera República a Figueres

Les lluites polítiques entre els partits monàrquics, les guerres de Cuba i carlista, l’atemptat contra la família reial i, finalment, la dissolució del cos d’Artilleria per part de les Corts el mes de febrer de 1873, a conseqüència de la indisciplina de l’Exèrcit, portaren el rei Amadeu I de Savoia a abdicar. Inesperadament, l’11 de febrer de 1873 es proclamava la Primera República espanyola. La notícia va córrer amb rapidesa a través de la premsa i dels telegrames de les autoritats i, el 12 de febrer, l’alcalde de Figueres, Joan Arderius, proclamà solemnement la República. La població ho va celebrar al carrer amb alegria i seny. Mesos més tard, el 7 de juny, es proclamà la República Federal, però ja sense gaire entusiasme. Els conflictes bèl•lics, les insurreccions cantonalistes i les dissensions internes dels partits republicans portaren al cop militar del general Pavía que acabarà amb la Primera República, a principis de gener de 1874.The political struggle between the monarchist parties, the Carlist wars and Cuba, the attack on the royal family and, finally, the dissolution of the body Artillery by Parliament in February 1873, as a result of indiscipline Army, led to abdicate king Amadeo I of Savoy. Unexpectedly on February 11, 1873 the First Spanish Republic was proclaimed. The news spread quickly trhough the press and for telegrams from the authorities and, on February 12, the mayor of Figueres, Joan Arderius solemnly proclaimed the Republic. The people celebrated in the streets with joy and common sense. Months later, on June 7, the Federal Republic was proclaimed, but without much enthusiasm. The wars, the cantonal insurrections and internal dissensions of the Republican parties take the military coup of General Pavia that ended with the First Republic in early January 1874

Chronic exposure to high altitude and the presence of coronary ectasia in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction

Objective. To evaluate the association between chronic exposure to high altitude and the presence of coronary ectasia (CE) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated in a highly specialized cardiovascular reference hospital in Peru. Materials and methods. Retrospective matched case-control study. The cases were patients with CE and controls without CE. The relationship between CE and chronic exposure to high altitude was evaluated considering intervening variables such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and hematocrit values. Patients with chronic inflammatory pathologies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and previous revascularization were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to obtain the OR value and their respective confidence intervals. Results. Eighteen cases and 18 controls were studied, most of them were men with an average age of 65 years. Thirty-six percent of the population came from high altitude; in this group 76.9% had coronary ectasia of the infarct-related artery. The mean hematocrit value was slightly higher in the high-altitude native (46 ± 7% versus 42 ± 5%, p=0.094). Multivariate conditional logistic regression did not find a significant relationship between exposure to high altitude and the risk of presenting CE (OR:6.03, IC95%: 0.30-118, p=0.236). Conclusions. In patients with STEMI, we found no association between chronic exposure to high altitude and coronary ectasia.Objective. To evaluate the association between chronic exposure to high altitude and the presence of coronary ectasia (CE) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated in a highly specialized cardiovascular reference hospital in Peru. Materials and methods. Retrospective matched case-control study. The cases were patients with CE and controls without CE. The relationship between CE and chronic exposure to high altitude was evaluated considering intervening variables such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and hematocrit values. Patients with chronic inflammatory pathologies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and previous revascularization were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to obtain the OR value and their respective confidence intervals. Results. Eighteen cases and 18 controls were studied, most of them were men with an average age of 65 years. Thirty-six percent of the population came from high altitude; in this group 76.9% had coronary ectasia of the infarct-related artery. The mean hematocrit value was slightly higher in the high-altitude native (46 ± 7% versus 42 ± 5%, p=0.094). Multivariate conditional logistic regression did not find a significant relationship between exposure to high altitude and the risk of presenting CE (OR:6.03, IC95%: 0.30-118, p=0.236). Conclusions. In patients with STEMI, we found no association between chronic exposure to high altitude and coronary ectasia

Problemas en la evaluación de la competencia discursiva en inglés como L2

Nowadays, language testing is considered a fundamental component in foreign language teaching and learning. In this paper, some of the most representative features of language testing are described and special attention is given to the question of language test validity. Some well-known language-testing institutions use the native speaker (NS) as a stakeholder to evaluate the overall level in the foreign language, without taking into account the feasibility of such a concept. In this regard, some arguments are presented in order to demonstrate the ambivalence of the notion of “native speaker” in language learning evaluation. Particular attention is paid to international language-testing standards that, although well-known and widely used, may not be as appropriate as they are assumed to be. Some suggestions are made for the field of bilingualism studies

El "hablante nativo" de la lengua meta: ¿qué importancia tiene para la enseñanza de la L2?

This paper centers on research related to a concept used very often in the field of foreign language learning and teaching: the belief that native speaker usage is the definite standard of the target language. Too frequently we use it as the ultimate criterion for language correctness and/or appropriateness, especially in the L2 classroom. My goals were to identify some skills ideally attributed to the native speaker, to test them with empirical research and to check their validity. In this paper I deconstruct some of the abilities linguists have traditionally attributed to the native speaker of any language; specifically, I examine the ability to produce fluent spontaneous written discourse. I was able to validate my hypothesis that native speaker’s individal variation accounts for its inadecuacy as a justification for L2 learners’ performance in L2 tests. Finally, I infer some pedagogical implications teachers will need to take into account when evaluating writing achievements in the L2