THE IMPACT OF DE-REGULAMENTATION ON THE BRAZILIAN BANKING INDUSTRY: A PRODUCTION METAFRONTIER APPROACH

This paper analyzes the impact after the entry and the increase in the capital participation of foreign banks in the Brazilian financial institutions. In this sense, taking into account three sub-sets of banks by controlling capital origin - domestic privates, foreigner and public-, an analysis was carried out to find out whether there were technical efficiency and productivity gains in Brazil' banking industry. Therefore, a production frontier was built using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) which allows for the calculation of technical efficiency. Next, performing one of these measures, Malmquist's total productivity index is calculated. The results showed that the technical efficiency of the Brazilian banking industry has not evolved as must as it has been expected, although a total productivity increase has actually occurred, arising only from the technological progress. The foreign banks earned the most productivity gains followed by the domestic private banks. The technological leadership (test), proposed by Marinho and Benegas (2002), showed that the domestic private banks determined the industry's technological pattern.

Generation and selection of anti-flagellin monoclonal antibodies useful for serotyping Salmonella enterica

In developing countries, bacterial acute gastroenteritis continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality among young children. Salmonellosis constitutes a major cause of infectious enteritis worldwide, most of them associated to the consumption of contaminated food products. Traditionally, Salmonella has been classified in serovars based on varieties of O and H surface antigens. In the present work we generated and characterized a panel of anti-flagellin monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in order to select antibodies useful for detecting the H surface antigen. Four different MAbs were obtained by somatic hybridization of splenocytes. We found two MAbs that recognised regions of flagellin conserved among different Salmonella serovars. Other two MAbs recognised structures restricted to Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium, being one of them suitable for agglutination tests. Using a diverse panel of S. enterica serovars with different H antigen varieties we confirmed that this MAb agglutinates specifically S. Typhimurium (antigenic formula: 4,12:i:1,2) or other serovars expressing flagellar factor i. In conclusion, we generated a valuable immunochemical tool to be used in simple assays for serotyping of epidemiologically relevant strains. The capacity to characterize specific strains and determine the primary sources of Salmonella contamination generate valuable information of the epidemiology of this microorganism, contributing to the improvement of public health.Fil: Hiriart, Yanina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Serradell, Maria de Los Angeles. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Microbiología General; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Araci. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Sampaolesi, Sofia. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Microbiología General; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Maciel, Maria Dolores. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Chabalgoity, Jose Alejandro. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Yim, Lucia. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Algorta, Gabriela. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Rumbo, Martín. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases, transferable quinolone resistance, and virulotyping in extra-intestinal E. coli in Uruguay

Introduction: To characterize extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from extra-intestinal samples in three Uruguayan hospitals. Methodology: Fifty-five ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were studied. Virulence genes, ESBLs, and PMQR genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. ESBL-producing isolates were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Multi-locus sequence typing was also performed on 13 selected isolates. Results: Thirty-seven isolates harbored blaCTX-M-15 (67.3%), eight blaCTX-M-2 (14.6%), five blaCTX-M-14 (9.1%), three carried both blaCTX-M-2 and blaCTX-M-14, one blaCTX-M-9, and one blaCTX-M-8. Among the CTX-M-15 producers, 92% belonged to sequence types ST131 and ST405, and carried aac(6’)Ib-cr as well. Isolates harboring blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-9, or blaCTX-M-8 were found to be genetically unrelated. Conclusions: The successful dissemination of CTX-M-15-producing E.coli isolates seems to be linked to the spreading of high-risk clones and horizontal gene transfer. A trade-off between carrying more antibiotic resistance and less virulence-related genes could partially account for the evolutionary advantages featured by successful clones.Fil: Vignoli, Rafael. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: García Fulgueiras, Virginia. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Cordeiro, Nicolás F.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Bado, Inés. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Seija, Verónica. Universidad de la República; Uruguay. Hospital Pasteur de Montevideo; UruguayFil: Aguerrebere, Paula. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Laguna, Gabriel. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Araújo, Lucía. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Bazet, Cristina. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Gutkind, Gabriel Osvaldo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Chabalgoity Rodríguez, José Alejandro. Universidad de la República; Urugua

Una intervención psicoanalítica a Las Hortensias de Felisberto Hernández

One cannot plunge into Felisberto’s narrative without experiencing what Julio Cortázar (1975) reveals in the prologue to his novels, «the inexpressible contact with immediacy, with all we continuously ignore or distance ourselves from, in the name of what we call living». The fact that Las hortensias (The hydrangeas, 1949) the author deploys his narrative without resorting to first-person narration inspires an approach to the content of its internal warp and weft. Boastful objectivity which only in appearance deprives it from the internal bonds with other narratives, in favor of the intimate drama and the finely finished montage it suggests. recibido: abril In this paper, the author proposes a way to approach this place by writing an imaginary letter to its main characters. It considers that this method of intervention into the literary text presupposes adhere to the principle that literature can inform psychoanalysis better than the hesitant explorations the latter directs to the former. Las hortensias expresses in literary key much of what psychoanalysis has to say about the Ego, the other and the relation to the other.Texto que plantea que no puede uno meterse en los relatos de Felisberto sin experimentar lo que Julio Cortázar (1975) revela en el prólogo a sus novelas: «la indecible toma de contacto con lo inmediato, con todo eso que continuamente ignoramos o distanciamos en nombre de lo que se llama vivir». En Las Hortensias (1949) el autor despliega su narración sin enunciarla desde la primera persona, inspira un abordaje del contenido en su urdimbre y su trama interior. Jactanciosa objetividad que solo aparentemente la despoja de sus lazos internos con otras narrativas, en favor de la íntima dramaticidad y el acabado montaje escenográfico que este trasluce. En este Trabajo el autor propone un modo de acercamiento a este cuento a través de la escritura de una carta imaginaria dirigida a sus protagonistas. Considera que este modo de intervenir el texto literario presupone atenerse al principio de que es mucho más lo que el arte de las letras puede informarle al psicoanálisis, que los vacilantes tanteos que este ensaya con respecto a aquél. Desde esta perspectiva plantea que Las Hortensias expresa en clave literaria mucho de lo que el psicoanálisis tiene para decir acerca del Yo, de lo otro y de la relación al otro

Induction of trained immunity in vivo by attenuated salmonella LVR01 in bacteria-mediated cancer therapy

Research in the field of cancer immunotherapies has grown rapidly in recent decades. Many treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cells, are available now at the clinic. Despite that, patients partially respond to treatments, and those interventions are expensive. In this context, bacteria to fight cancer are re-emerging, and Salmonella is one of the most cost-effective promising effectors. Our group demonstrated the potential of LVR01, an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium constructed by introducing a null deletion into the aroC gene, in many preclinical models. LVR01 can accumulate in tumors and suppress tumor growth and metastasis. [1] However, the mechanisms that underlie this antitumoral effect still need to be elucidated. Salmonella can eliminate tumoral cells directly, by triggering different types of cell death, or indirectly, by enhancing the antitumor immune response. Particularly, LVR01 induces a proinflammatory tumor micro-environment, and NK cells and macrophages are essential for the antitumor effect. [1,2] Interestingly, cytotoxic CD8 T cells depletion did not affect LVR01 treatment. [1] The critical role of the innate compartment in LVR01-based cancer immunotherapy is evident. Therefore, we hypothesized that LVR01 can be inducing trained immunity (TI), as a mechanims of the antitumor response. Firstly, we evaluated whether LVR01 could induce TI in vivo in mice with different genetic backgrounds (BALB/C and C57BL6). For that, we administered LVR01 intraperitoneally (ip) to naive mice, and after seven days, we injected LPS ip and took serum samples at different times. LVR01-treated mice had significantly higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Secondly, we evaluated whether LVR01 could induce TI in two preclinical cancer models (melanoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma). Naive mice were inoculated with LVR01 ip, and seven days after, tumoral cells were implanted subcutaneously. Mice were followed up daily, tumor size was measured with a calliper, and volume was calculated as (length x width x depth) x π/6. We observed that a single dose of LVR01 before tumor implantation delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival time. This antitumoral effect remained even when tumor cells were implanted 30 days after LVR01 administration (applying the same protocol). The results so far suggest that LVR01 could be inducing TI in vivo, which provides short and long-term protection against cancer. Further studies to determine LVR01-induced epigenetic modifications in innate immune cells are mandatory to confirm this hypothesis

La ordenación del territorio como política pública: las áreas rurales de Montevideo en el contexto nacional

Punto de venta de la versión impresa: Servicio de Atención Central, Hall de la Facultad de Derecho (Avda. 18 de Julio 1824). Tel.: (+598) 2400 1918, 2408 2566, 2408 9574. Correo electrónico: [email protected] extensa trayectoria del autor en el campo de la planificación y ordenación ambiental del territorio favoreció un largo proceso de creación y acumulación de conocimiento que incorpora a este trabajo. Este se resume en su tesis de maestría (2008), que sintetiza el análisis y evolución de la ordenación del territorio como novedosa política pública durante un siglo. Si bien hace foco en un recorte espacial —Montevideo rural— presenta también un detallado análisis del contexto nacional como ineludible referencia.Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica (CSIC)Hipótesis. Del ámbito departamental: Montevideo -- Del espacio nacional -- Capítulo I. El marco teórico conceptual de la investigación. La interrogación desde el campo teórico-epistemológico -- La necesidad de una conceptualización -- El marco conceptual sobre ordenación del territorio de referencia para la investigación -- Capítulo II. Los principales antecedentes nacionales en ordenación del territorio. El período fundacional: las leyes de centros poblados -- Un segundo momento: el impulso planificador de la década del sesenta (1960-1973) -- El intenso período de reinstitucionalización democrática (1985-1990) -- El período contemporáneo: la creación del Ministerio de Vivienda, Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente -- Capítulo III. Montevideo: el caso nacional de ordenación del territorio de las áreas rurales. Un dilatado proceso de innovación y acumulación en la planificación y ordenación del territorio (1900-1990) -- La concreción del proceso planificador y ordenador del territorio departamental con consideración de las áreas rurales (1990-2005) -- Capítulo IV. Hacia la ordenación del territorio en las áreas rurales de Montevideo: cambios y permanencias. El largo proceso de acumulación en ordenación del territorio -- Discusión de la hipótesis sobre los cambios y permanencias en la ordenación del territorio rural de Montevideo -- Verificación de la dificultad de avanzar en la ordenación del territorio en ausencia de procesos de planificación del desarrollo -- Epílogo. Construyendo la agenda del debate. Algunas «asignaturas pendientes» en el contexto nacional -- Lo que «falta y se puede hacer» en las áreas rurales de Montevideo

CAIXA-PRETA DA NAU FILOSÓFICA : A FICÇÃO CIENTÍFICA COMO FOTOGRAFIA DESCRITIVA

Esse artigo tem como objetivo contribuir para reflexões sobre o papel e os alcances da ficção científica na popularização de conhecimento. Como recorte e exercício de fundamentação, situa esse gênero ficcional como fotografia descritiva, buscando na filosofia da fotografia flusseriana elementos que auxiliem no entendimento crítico – que não dicotomiza técnica e estética - dos limites entre conhecimento e ficção. Na ficção científica temas filosóficos que movem seres humanos por milênios, como metafísica, ontologia, ética e política, se somam a uma das características mais cativantes desse gênero literário: o oferecimento de alternativas civilizacionais. Na primeira parte apresentamos os conceitos de tecnoimagem e caixa-preta, relacionando-os ao contexto atual em que o enorme avanço da tecnologia influencia de forma nunca antes vista a ficção audiovisual, criando espaços inéditos para a consubstanciação de ficções em teoria. Na segunda parte apresentamos a diferença entre fantasia e ficção científica traçando um paralelo entre a materialidade implicada no desvelar da caixa-preta e o caminho em que a ficção científica decodifica o conhecimento em ficção para transformar a ficção em conhecimento. Na conclusão sugere algumas questões de perspectiva a serem enfrentadas em investigações que busquem se fundamentar na filosofia da fotografia em Flusser, considerando nossa sociedade tecnocentrada

A justificativa da Pedagogia do oprimido 50 anos depois: elementos para uma necessária reflexão ontológica

Este artigo tem como objetivo trazer contribuições para uma reflexão ontológica necessária aos educadores populares de nosso tempo. Será analisado o primeiro capítulo da Pedagogia do oprimido, intitulado “Justificativa da Pedagogia do oprimido”. Utilizando matrizes marxistas e decoloniais, são abordados os seguintes pontos: o contexto em que se insere a Pedagogia do oprimido, determinante para seu caráter decolonial e marxista; o conceito de “duração” da dialeticidade permanência-mudança, fundamentação necessária à discussão ontológica proposta; e à guisa de conclusão, uma breve reflexão sobre a atualidade da justificativa da Pedagogia do oprimido, que se mostra como obra indispensável à formação da identidade do educador popular