Ingestão de líquidos, estado de hidratação e mudanças de massa corporal em atletas judô u-15 durante um dia de treinamento

Despite numerous studies related to dehydration there is still a lack of scientific literature presenting hydration status and fluid intake of judo athletes during different periods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, fluid intake, hydration status and body weight changes of young judo athletes during a typical day of training in preparation period. Twenty-two young judo athletes (age: 12 ±0.7 y, experience: 3.5 ±1.1) voluntarily participated in this study. Hydration status and weight were examined in the morning, before and immediately after the training. All athletes trained 90 min and they consumed fluids ad libitum during the exercise. According to morning urine specific gravity (USG) values, 81.2% of the athletes were dehydrated while only 18.8% of the athletes were euhydrated. Pre-training urine measurements showed that 63.64% of the athletes presented dehydration and 77.27% of the athletes completed the training in dehydrated condition despite fluid availability during the training. Mean body weight loss during training was -0.64±0.66%. It can be concluded that young judo athletes presented high prevalence of dehydration as indicated by USG values. Most of the athletes were dehydrated during a typical training day and completed the training in more dehydrated conditions compared to pre training values despite ad libitum fluid intake. It is of great importance to evaluate hydration status of the athletes before training to refrain from common practice of fluid restriction for weight loss and adverse effects of a persistent state of fluid deficit on physical and health related state.Introdução e objetivo: Apesar dos diversos estudos relacionados à desidratação, ainda há carência de estudos na literatura científica apresentando o estado de hidratação e ingestão de líquidos de judocas em diferentes períodos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ingestão de líquidos, estado de hidratação e as alterações do peso corporal de jovens atletas de judô durante um dia típico de treinamento. Materiais e métodos: Vinte e dois jovens atletas de judô (idade: 12 ±0,7 anos, experiência: 3,5 ±1,1) voluntariamente participaram deste estudo. O estado de hidratação e o peso foram avaliados pela manhã, antes e imediatamente após o treinamento. Todos os atletas treinaram 90 min e consumiram líquidos “ad libitum†durante o treinamento. Resultados: De acordo com os valores da gravidade específica da urina matinal (USG), 81,2% dos atletas estavam desidratados enquanto apenas 18,8% dos atletas estavam reidratados. As medidas de urina pré-treinamento mostraram que 63,64% dos atletas apresentaram desidratação e 77,27% dos atletas completaram o treinamento desidratados apesar da disponibilidade de líquidos durante o treinamento. A perda média de peso corporal durante o treinamento foi de -0,64 ± 0,66%. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que jovens atletas de judô apresentam altas prevalências de desidratação, indicadas pelos valores da USG. A maioria dos atletas estavam desidratados durante um dia típico de treinamento e conseguiram completar o treinamento em condições mais desidratadas em comparação aos valores pré-treinamento, apesar da ingestão de líquidos “ad libitumâ€. Sendo assim, destaca-se que é de grande importância avaliar o estado de hidratação dos atletas antes do treinamento para evitar a prática comum de restrição de líquidos

El momento de pesaje afecta el estado de hidratación y el aumento de peso agudo en deportes de combate: una comparación entre judo y lucha libre

[ES] Este estudio investigó el efecto del momento de pesaje sobre el estado de hidratación y el aumento agudo de peso (AWG). Veintisiete judokas y 23 luchadores de categoría masculina, participaron voluntariamente. Se midió la masa corporal y la gravedad específica de la orina (USG) de los atletas justo antes del pesaje oficial y de la competición. Para determinar las diferencias en AWG y USG entre ambos grupos y tiempos de medición se utilizó un análisis de varianza de dos vías (ANOVA factorial mixto) con medidas repetidas (tiempo x deporte). En caso de existir diferencias significativas entre deportes, se aplicaron pruebas t. Se encontró un efecto principal significativo en el tiempo (p<0.01, ES=0.25) en USG. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en USG entre el pesaje oficial y el inicio de la competición en luchadores (p<0.01) pero no en judokas, y en AWG y %AWG en ambos deportes (p <0.01). Además, la mayoría de los atletas presentó un alto nivel de deshidratación antes del pesaje oficial y de la competición. En conclusión, los judokas no pudieron rehidratarse tanto como los luchadores, a pesar de disponer de 15 horas de recuperación. Puede sugerirse que el período entre el pesaje oficial y la competición podría acortarse para así evitar un estado de hidratación no óptimo y el rápido aumento de peso, aunque con precaución para permitir un suficiente tiempo de recuperación.[EN] This study aimed to investigate the effect of weigh-in time on hydration status and acute weight gain (AWG). Twenty-seven men judo athletes and 23 men wrestlers voluntarily participated in this study. Body mass and urine specific gravity (USG) of the athletes were measured just before official weigh-in and competition. Two-way analysis of variance (split-plot ANOVA) with repeated measurements (time x sport) were used to determine differences in AWG and USG between groups and measurement times. In case of significant difference between sports, t-tests were applied. There was a significant main effect of time (p<0.01, ES=0.25) on USG. A significant difference was found in USG between official weigh-in and start of the competition in wrestlers (p<0.01) but not in judo athletes. There was significant difference in AWG and AWG% between sports (p<0.01). Moreover, most of the athletes presented high level of dehydration before both official weigh-in and competition. In conclusion, judo athletes could not rehydrate as much as wrestlers despite 15h of recovery. It can be suggested that the period between official weigh-in and competition would be shortened to prevent non-optimal hydration status and rapid weight gain, with caution to allow sufficient recovery period.[PT] Este estudo investigou o efeito do momento de pesagem sobre o estado de hidratação e o aumento de peso agudo (GTA). Vinte e sete judocas e 23 lutadores da categoria masculina participaram voluntariamente. A massa corporal e a gravidade específica da urina (USG) dos atletas foram medidas imediatamente antes da pesagem oficial e da competição. Para determinar as diferenças em AWG e USG entre os dois grupos e tempos de medição, foi utilizada uma análise de variância bidirecional (ANOVA fatorial mista) com medidas repetidas (tempo x desporto). Em caso de diferenças significativas entre os desportos, testes t foram aplicados. Um efeito principal significativo ao longo do tempo (p <0,01, ES = 0,25) foi encontrado na USG. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas na USG entre a pesagem oficial e o início da competição em lutadores (p<0,01), mas não em judocas, e em AWG e % AWG nos dois desportos (p<0,01). A maioria dos atletas apresentou um alto índice de desidratação antes da pesagem oficial e da competição. Concluindo, os judocas não conseguiram se rehidratar tanto quanto os lutadores, apesar de ter tido 15 horas de recuperação. Pode-se sugerir que o período entre a pesagem oficial e a competição poderia ser encurtado, a fim de evitar um estado subótimo de hidratação e aumento rápido de peso, embora com cautela para permitir tempo de recuperação suficiente

Efecto de las diferentes rondas de competición en los resultados del combate en competiciones de judo de alto nivel

[ES] El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar el efecto de las sucesivas rondas de competición de judo de alto nivel en el resultado del combate y en diversos factores que afectan al mismo. Se analizaron 4550 combates oficiales, tanto masculinos como femeninos. Se utilizaron frecuencias y porcentajes en la estadística descriptiva, así como medias y desviaciones estándar con intervalos de confianza del 95%. La diferencia entre las variables investigadas para cada ronda de las competiciones de judo se analizó con la prueba de Chi-cuadrado. Las variables continuas se analizaron con la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. La forma en que se consiguió la victoria fue diferente en rondas de eliminación, rondas finales y rondas de lucha por medallas (p=.02). Al progresar en las rondas, el porcentaje de enfrentamientos que terminaron con ippon disminuyó y el porcentaje de los que terminaron con waza-ari aumentó. El porcentaje de combates sin shido disminuyó desde las eliminatorias hasta la final, mientras que hubo un aumento significativo en el porcentaje de combates con shido(p=.01). Se encontró que la duración delos combates aumentaba desde las rondas eliminatorias hasta la final (p=.00). El índice de eficiencia de los atletas ganadores durante la primera fase fue más alto que en el resto(p<.05). En conclusión, en competiciones de judo de alto nivel los atletas de judo ganaron sus combates con diferentes puntuaciones según las rondas. Además, recibieron más penalizaciones durante las finales en comparación con las rondas eliminatorias, y la duración delos combates aumentó gradualmente desde las rondas eliminatorias hasta las finales.[EN] This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of successive stages of high-level judo competitions on match outcome and the factors effecting it. A total of 4550 official matches in both men and women were included in the analysis. Frequencies and percentages were used for descriptive statistics. Mean and standard deviations with 95% confidence intervals were also presented. The difference in the variables investigated for each stage of judo competitions was analysed with the Chi-square test. Continuous variables were analysed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. The way competitors won a match differed in elimination, final stages, and medal matches (p=.02). When the difficulty of the matches increased, the percentage of the matches ended with ippon decreased and the percentage of the matches resulted with waza-ari increased. The percentage of the matches without any shido decreased from the elimination to the finals while there was a significant increase in the percentage of the matches with shido (p=.01). The match duration was found to increase from eliminations to the finals (p=.00). The efficiency index of the winner athletes during the first stage was higher than the other stages (p<.05). In conclusion, high-level judo athletes won a match with different scores at different stages during high-level judo competitions. Moreover, athletes were awarded with penalties more during the finals compared to eliminations, and match duration incrementally increased from the eliminations to the finals.[PT] Este estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar o efeito das sucessivas fases de competição no judô de alto nível nos resultados do combate e em diversos fatores que afetam o mesmo. Incluiu-se na análise um total de 4550 combates oficiais, tanto masculinos, como femininos. Utilizaram-se frequências e percentagens na estatística descritiva, assim como médias e desvio-padrão com intervalos de confiança de 95%. A diferença entre as variáveis investigadas para cada ronda das competições de judô analisou-se com o teste do Qui-Quadrado. As variáveis contínuas analisaram-se com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. A forma como se conseguiu a vitória foi diferente nas rondas de eliminação, nas rondas finais e nas rondas de luta por medalhas (p=.02). No decurso das rondas, a percentagem de confrontos que terminaram com ippondiminuiu e a percentagem dos que terminaram com waza-ariaumentaram. A percentagem dos combates sem shidodiminuíram das eliminatórias até à final. Houve um aumento significativo das percentagens de combates com shido (p=.01). Verificou-se ainda que a duração dos combates aumentou desde as rondas eliminatórias até à final (p=.00). O índice de eficiência dos atletas vencedores urante a primeira fase foi mais alto do que o restante (p<.05). Em conclusão, nas competições de judô de alto nível os atletas de judô ganharam os seus combates com diferentes pontuações segundo as rondas. Por outro lado, receberam mais penalizações durante as finais, em comparação com as rondas eliminatórias, e a duração dos combates aumentou gradualmente desde as rondas eliminatórias até às finais

Which Performance Tests Best Define the Special Judo Fitness Test Classification in Elite Judo Athletes?

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)The normative values of the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) are used to evaluate judo athletes, and the question arises of which performance tests from crucial motor abilities best define the SJFT classification in elite judo athletes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between elite judo athletes’ physical performance and the evaluation using SJFT index norms. Nineteen judo athletes (11 females) (22.8 ± 2.5 years old) from the senior judo national team voluntarily participated in this study. Body composition, reaction time, balance, flexibility, agility, hand grip strength, 20 m sprint, vertical jump, SJFT, and Wingate tests were performed by athletes on four separate days at one-day intervals. Athletes were classified as regular and above (≥regular) or poor and below (≤poor) according to their SJFT index scores. Simple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate this classification’s consistency with performance test results. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals related to each possible factor and Wald test statistics were calculated. The SJFT index classification was associated with Wingate peak and mean power, vertical jump, and sprint performance results (p 0.05). SJFT index classificatory norms are mainly related to athletes’ anaerobic power. Higher anaerobic power increases athletes’ possibility of being classified as ≥regular.Peer reviewe

Acute Dehydration Impairs Performance and Physiological Responses in Highly Trained Judo Athletes

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Background: The present study investigated highly trained male judo athletes and how a 5% body mass dehydration affects their judo-specific performance and physiological responses. Meth-ods: Nine highly trained international-level male judo athletes who are weight-cyclers voluntarily participated in the study. The study had a controlled crossover design in nature. Athletes com-pleted three sessions, including a familiarisation session and two experimental sessions (dehydration (DEHY) and control (CON)) with judo-specific tests, including maximal handgrip strength test (HGS), judogi grip strength tests (JGST), and the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). Results: Intergroup analysis revealed a significant increase in urine specific gravity (USG) and decreased body mass following DEHY condition compared to CON. Furthermore, significant decreases were determined in HGS, JGSTs, and a number of throws in the first and third series of SJFTs, as well as higher heart rate (HR) responses in the second and third series of SJFT and worse SJFT index in DEHY condition (p < 0.05). Conclusions: We concluded that 5% dehydration of body mass led to impairment in dynamic and isometric strength in upper limbs and in judo-specific performance, as well as elevated HR during the SJFT.Peer reviewe

The Yo-Yo IR2 test in professional basketball players

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between direct method and indirect method (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level II) that are used to determine aerobic capacity and endurance. Fourteen basketball players (22.49 ±04.82 year-old with the height 192.36±5.90 cm, weight 89.21±7.6 kg, Body fat percentage 11.07 ± 1.82 %) voluntarily participated in this study. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level II protocol (YIRT 2) was implemented to participants. Distance covered by the athletes, estimated VO2max, direct VO2max, Anaerobic threshold VO2 and Anaerobic threshold heart rate (HRAT) values were recorded. Direct VO2max and other respiratory parameters were measured with telemetric gas analyzer. After 5 minute rest in supine position heart rates (HRrest), rest lactate levels (LArest) and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during the test and post test lactate levels (LApost) were measured. Pearson Correlation Test was used to determine the relationship between the variables. P value was set at 0,05. According to the findings, positively significant large correlation was found between estimated VO2max and direct VO2max(r = 0.504, p &lt; 0.05), HRmax (r = 0.501, p &lt; 0.05), positively significant large correlation was found between distance and Direct VO2max(r = 0.521, p &lt; 0.05), HRmax (r = 0.516, p &lt; 0.05). There is no significant relationship except above-mentioned variables (p&lt;0.05). YIRT2 can guess VO2max of professional male basketball players and can be used to evaluate endurance

Habit or lack of education? Hypohydration is present in elite senior judo athletes even during a weight-stable training camp

© The Author(s) 2022. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954122112243It has been well-documented that high-level judo athletes presented a high level of hypohydration during weight-cutting and competition periods. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the hydration status of high-level judo athletes during a weight-stable training period. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate elite judo athletes? hydration status, body mass change, and fluid intake during a weight-stable training camp. Twenty-seven judo athletes (women n?=?8, men n?=?19, body weight?=?79.6?±?20.9?kg) from the senior national judo team voluntarily participated in this study. Data were collected in the morning after waking up and before and after the morning and evening training sessions. On the second day, the measurements were taken again in the morning after waking up. Urine-specific gravity (USG) was classified as hydrated (USG ?.05). Most of the elite judo athletes presented hypohydration (92.6%). The relationship between the fluid intake of the athletes and the changes in USG and body weight values during 24?h was not significant (p?>?.05). The current study?s findings revealed that high-level judo athletes present a high level of hypohydration even during a weight-stable training camp. Furthermore, the training sessions during the experiment period (24?h) worsened the hydration status of the senior athletes in all weight categories for both women and men.Peer reviewe

Acciones prohibidas en campeonatos mundiales de judo: diferencias entre atletas ganadores y no ganadores

[ES] Las sanciones en judo son consecuencia de acciones negativas que no se ajustan al reglamento de competición. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias en las penalizaciones entre competidores de judo ganadores y no ganadores. Se evaluaron un total de 1799 combates (hombres=1133 y mujeres=666) en los que hubo penalización, de los Campeonatos Mundiales de Judo de 2017, 2018 y 2019.Las variables se expresaron como proporciones y se compararon con la prueba de Chi-Cuadrado con pruebas Z por pares. La ratio de recibir el primer y segundo shido fue la misma en hombres y mujeres (p>.05), pero fue diferente según las categorías de peso (p.05), la ratio de acciones prohibidas en el primer y segundo shido difirió (p.05), but it wasdifferent for weight categories (p.05), the ratio of forbidden actions in the first and secondshido differed (p.05), mas foi diferente para as categorias de peso (p.05), mais a proporção de ações proibidas no primeiro eno segundo shido diferiu (p<.05).A diferençan as proporções de penalizações dos atletas vencedores en ãovencedores, especialmente a diferença nas ações proibidas que levam ao primeiro e segundo shido, pode refletir algumas diferenças táticas. Os resultados desta investigação podem contribuir significativamente para a compreensão do significado das penalizações no judo, tanto no treino, como na competição, bem como para o estudo maisa profundado do judo

Impact of time-of-day on judo-specific performance

In judo tournaments, matches for each weight category are held on the same day and athletes competing at the finals have to compete at different times of the day. This study aimed to investigate the effect of time-of-day on judo specific performance and the changes in physiological load following judo specific performance. Fourteen male judo athletes (age 19.1±1.4 years) voluntarily participated in the study. At the 1st visit, anthropometrical measurements and familiarization procedures were conducted and the athletes’ chronotype was determined. Athletes performed the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) during 2nd and 3rd visits. Athletes randomly performed two consecutive SJFTs with 15 min intervals at 10:00h, which is the official start time of matches, and at 18:00h which is the time when the finals start. During SJFT applications, athletes heart rate (HR), blood lactate (bLA), body temperature and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored. The changes in total throw numbers (F1, 13= 1.32, p=0.27) and SJFT index (F1, 13= 0.30, p=0.59) were not different between morning and evening. There were similar changes in bLA (F4, 52=0.66, p=0.63), RPE (F1, 13=1.42, p=0.26) and body temperature (F1.4, 18.0=1.18, p=0.31) which were measured before and after the tests. However, HR measured in the evening were higher compared to morning measurement at all measurement times (F1, 13=10.28, p=0.01), but there was no difference in SJFT throws (F3.8, 48.8=0.49, p=0.74). In conclusion, different times of the day did not affect judo specific performance as well as physiological variables in judo athletes