Authors' reply to Colquhoun and Buchinsky

No abstract available

Association between grip strength and diabetes prevalence in black, South Asian, and white European ethnic groups: a cross-sectional study of 418,656 UK Biobank participants

Aims: To quantify the extent to which ethnic differences in muscular strength might account for the substantially higher prevalence of diabetes in black and South-Asian compared with white European adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study used baseline data from the UK Biobank study on 418 656 white European, black and South-Asian participants, aged 40–69 years, who had complete data on diabetes status and hand-grip strength. Associations between hand-grip strength and diabetes were assessed using logistic regression and were adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results: Lower grip strength was associated with higher prevalence of diabetes, independent of confounding factors, across all ethnicities in both men and women. Diabetes prevalence was approximately three- to fourfold higher in South-Asian and two- to threefold higher in black participants compared with white European participants across all levels of grip strength, but grip strength in South-Asian men and women was ~5–6 kg lower than in the other ethnic groups. Thus, the attributable risk for diabetes associated with low grip strength was substantially higher in South-Asian participants (3.9 and 4.2 cases per 100 men and women, respectively) than in white participants (2.0 and 0.6 cases per 100 men and women, respectively). Attributable risk associated with low grip strength was also high in black men (4.3 cases) but not in black women (0.4 cases). Conclusions: Low strength is associated with a disproportionately large number of diabetes cases in South-Asian men and women and in black men. Trials are needed to determine whether interventions to improve strength in these groups could help reduce ethnic inequalities in diabetes prevalence

Effects of exercise modalities on arterial stiffness and wave reflection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background and Objectives: Physical activity is associated with lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. However, the effects of different exercise modalities on arterial stiffness are currently unclear. Our objectives were to investigate the effects of exercise modalities (aerobic, resistance or combined) on pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx), and to determine whether the effects on these indices differed according to the participants' or exercise characteristics. Methods: We searched the Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library databases from inception until April 2014 for randomized controlled trials lasting ≥4 weeks investigating the effects of exercise modalities on PWV and AIx in adults aged ≥18 years. Results: Forty-two studies (1627 participants) were included in this analysis. Aerobic exercise improved both PWV (WMD: −0.63 m/s, 95% CI: −0.90, −0.35) and AIx (WMD:−2.63%, 95% CI: −5.25 to −0.02) significantly. Aerobic exercise training showed significantly greater reduction in brachial-ankle (WMD: −1.01 m/s, 95% CI: −1.57, −0.44) than in carotid-femoral (WMD: -0.39 m/s, 95% CI: −0.52, −0.27) PWV. Higher aerobic exercise intensity was associated with larger reductions in AIx (β: −1.55%, CI −3.09, 0.0001). In addition, aerobic exercise had a significantly larger effect in reducing PWV (WMD:−1.0 m/s, 95% CI: −1.43, −0.57) in participants with stiffer arteries (PWV ≥8 m/s). Resistance exercise had no effect on PWV and AIx. There was no significant effect of combined exercise on PWV and AIx. Conclusions: We conclude that aerobic exercise improved arterial stiffness significantly and that the effect was enhanced with higher aerobic exercise intensity and in participants with greater arterial stiffness at baseline. Trial Registration PROSPERO: Database registration: CRD42014009744,

Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of short‐term and lifetime estimated cardiovascular disease risk

Development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a public health concern for young-to-middle-aged adults, now exacerbated by the increasing prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) improves the reclassification of short-term (10-year) CVD risk, but has not been uniformly defined across studies. This study evaluated cross-sectional differences in short-term and lifetime CVD risk scores, across both absolute metabolic equivalent (MET), sex- and age-standardised CRF categories in 805 healthy apparently healthy young-to-middle aged adults (68% male; 47.4 ± 7.2 years). CVD risk factors were evaluated, and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) measurements (METS and peak VO2) were derived from a submaximal Bruce treadmill test. CRF measures also included post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) data. Consistent trends showing more favorable risk factor profiles and lower short-term CVD (QRISK2), and CVD mortality (SCORE) scores, associated with higher levels of CRF were evident in both sexes. Lifetime CVD risk (Q-Lifetime) was highest in the lowest CRF categories. Peak VO2 and HRR following submaximal exercise testing contributed to the variability in short-term and lifetime CVD risk. Global CVD risk predictions were examined across different contemporary CRF classifications with inconsistent findings. Recommended absolute MET and sex- and age-standardised CRF categories were significantly associated with both short-term and lifetime risk of CVD outcomes. However, compared to internationally-derived normative CRF standards, cohort-specific CRF categories resulted in markedly different proportion of individuals classified in the “poor” CRF category at higher CVD risk

Plasma cholesteryl ester fatty acids do not mediate the association of ethnicity with type 2 diabetes: results from the HELIUS study

Scope: Ethnic minority groups have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) than the host population. Our aim was to identify whether plasma cholesteryl ester fatty acids (CEFA) mediate the ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes. Methods and results: We included 202 Dutch, 206 South-Asian Surinamese, 205 African Surinamese, 215 Turkish and 213 Moroccan origin participants of the HELIUS study (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Logistic regression was used to determine the associations between plasma CEFA and T2D. Mediation analysis was used to identify whether CEFA contributed to the association between ethnicity and T2D. We adjusted for ethnicity, age, sex, smoking, physical activity and BMI. Associations between plasma CEFA and T2D were similar across all ethnic groups. Although differences in plasma CEFA across ethnic groups were observed, CEFA did not mediate the differences in T2D prevalence between ethnic groups. Conclusion: Although ethnic differences in plasma CEFA were found and CEFA were associated with T2D, CEFA did not contribute to the difference in T2D prevalence between ethnic groups. If confirmed, this implies that maintenance of the more beneficial CEFA profiles in the non-Dutch ethnic groups may be encouraged to prevent an even higher prevalence of T2D in these groups

Aspectos emocionales y conductuales del intérprete

La presente investigación de tipo descriptivo-observacional, titulada “Aspectos emocionales y conductuales del intérprete”, tiene como objetivo determinar el porcentaje de cumplimiento de 05 aspectos emocionales y conductuales del intérprete (aplomo, fluidez, tono de voz, gestos y lenguaje corporal) durante la interpretación consecutiva en los ámbitos político, médico, religioso, social y artístico. La muestra estuvo conformada por 10 videos de interpretaciones consecutivas pertenecientes a los ámbitos mencionados. El instrumento de evaluación estuvo conformado por un cuestionario de escala tipo likert (1-5). Los aspectos fueron evaluados por estudiantes de las asignaturas de Interpretación I, II, III y IV de la Universidad César Vallejo de Trujillo. Para el procesamiento de datos se utilizó el software de hoja de cálculo Microsoft Excel 2013. Se concluyó que los intérpretes presentaron el mayor nivel de cumplimiento de los aspectos emocionales y conductuales pertenecieron al ámbito médico, con un cumplimiento excelente (85%), seguido del ámbito religioso, con cumplimiento también excelente (83%). Por otro lado, los ámbitos que obtuvieron el menor porcentaje, fueron el ámbito social, con un nivel de cumplimiento bueno (71%) y el político, de cumplimiento bueno (65%)

The effects of genes, environment and ethnicity on insulin resistance and obesity in aboriginal and non-aboriginal South American populations

Abstract available: p. 2-

Perfil de funciones ejecutivas en personas con consumo prevalente de basuco

Trabajo de InvestigaciónEl presente trabajo de investigación buscó establecer el perfil de funciones ejecutivas de personas de la ciudad de Bogotá que durante un periodo de su vida presentaron consumo prevalente de basuco. Luego de culminado el estudio se evidenció que el 58.82% de los participantes presentaron una alteración severa en las funciones ejecutivas, se observó que existe dificultad para organizar y mantener la información visual y verbal. Se vio afectada la capacidad para planear y se denota una relación simétrica entre el tiempo de consumo y una flexibilidad mental positiva.54 p.1. Resumen 2. Antecedentes teóricos y empíricos 3. Justificación y planteamiento del problema de investigación 4. Objetivos 5. Variables (o Categorías orientadoras), 6. Método 7. Resultados 8. Discusión 9. Referencias 10. ApéndicesPregradoPsicólog

Should physical activity recommendations be ethnicity-specific? Evidence from a cross-sectional study of south Asian and European men

Background Expert bodies and health organisations recommend that adults undertake at least 150 min.week−1 of moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA). However, the underpinning data largely emanate from studies of populations of European descent. It is unclear whether this level of activity is appropriate for other ethnic groups, particularly South Asians, who have increased cardio-metabolic disease risk compared to Europeans. The aim of this study was to explore the level of MPA required in South Asians to confer a similar cardio-metabolic risk profile to that observed in Europeans undertaking the currently recommended MPA level of 150 min.week−1.<p></p> Methods Seventy-five South Asian and 83 European men, aged 40–70, without cardiovascular disease or diabetes had fasted blood taken, blood pressure measured, physical activity assessed objectively (using accelerometry), and anthropometric measures made. Factor analysis was used to summarise measured risk biomarkers into underlying latent ‘factors’ for glycaemia, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, blood pressure, and overall cardio-metabolic risk. Age-adjusted regression models were used to determine the equivalent level of MPA (in bouts of ≥10 minutes) in South Asians needed to elicit the same value in each factor as Europeans undertaking 150 min.week−1 MPA.<p></p> Findings For all factors, except blood pressure, equivalent MPA values in South Asians were significantly higher than 150 min.week−1; the equivalent MPA value for the overall cardio-metabolic risk factor was 266 (95% CI 185-347) min.week−1.<p></p> Conclusions South Asian men may need to undertake greater levels of MPA than Europeans to exhibit a similar cardio-metabolic risk profile, suggesting that a conceptual case can be made for ethnicity-specific physical activity guidance. Further study is needed to extend these findings to women and to replicate them prospectively in a larger cohort.<p></p&gt

Parental support for physical activity in schoolchildren and its influence on nutritional status and fitness = Apoyo parental para realizar actividad física en escolares de 6 años de edad: influencia sobre el estado nutricional y fitness

Introduction: Parents are key models for transmitting and teaching healthy lifestyle habits to their children. Our objective was to determine the influence of the economic and motivational support, and parental involvement in their children physical activity (PA) and its relationship with nutritio nal status and cardiorespiratory fitness. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional study which included 70 six-year-old schoolchildren. Parents completed the “The Parental Influence on Physical Activity Scale” questionnaire. Anthropometric variables were measured according to the Chilean Ministerial Technical Standard for the supervision of children from 0 to 9 years old; PA intensity was measured with triaxial accelerometers GT3X and the VO2max estimation was performed using the Navette Course test. Results: The average body mass index was 17.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2, the obesity prevalence and VO2max were 57.1%, and 38.05 ± 16.9 ml/kg/min, respectively. Moderate PA during the physical education (PE) class was significantly higher in boys compared to girls (p < 0.006). The economic and motivational support of the parents did not significantly influence the body weight of the children, BMI, waist circumference, PA intensity, and VO2max. Children supported by their parent showed significant differences with moderate PA performed in PE compared to those who were not suppor ted by parents (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Parental support of their children in performing physical activity influences the levels of moderate PA that they do during PE classes. This type of study should be continued and the PA should be measured daily