Maternal Supplementation With Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Pulp and Oil Alters Reflex Maturation, Physical Development, and Offspring Memory in Rats

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an oleaginous fruit source of fatty acids with high levels of neuroprotective phytocomplexes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of reflex and somatic maturation, fatty acid profiles in the brain, and memory in different stages of life in the offspring of dams supplemented with avocado pulp and oil during gestation and lactation. The dams were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15 pups/group), and recieved by gavage supplementation: control group (CG)–distilled water; Avocado Oil (AO)−3,000 mg avocado oil/kg animal weight, and Avocado Pulp (AP)−3,000 mg avocado pulp/kg animal weight. We performed the following tests: Analysis of Somatic Development and Ontogeny of Postnatal Reflex (T0 to T21), the Open Field Habituation Test and the Object Recognition Test (ORT) in the adolescent (T45) and adult (T90) phases. The cerebral fatty acids content was evaluated at times T0, T21, T45, and T90. The results were analyzed using the statistical program GraphPad Prism and significant statistics were considered when p < 0.05. Acceleration of reflex maturation and reflex ontogeny was observed in the offspring of AO and AP fed dams, with the results being more pronounced in the pulp fed group (p < 0.05). All groups presented a decrease in the ambulation parameter in the second exposure to the Open Field Habituation Test, at T45 and T90 (p < 0.05). In the ORT, the AO and AP offspring presented memory improvements in the short and long term in the adult and adolescent phases (p < 0.05). The results of the brain fatty acid profiles presented higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in the AO and AP groups at T21, T45, and T90. The docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) content was higher at T21 (AO and AP), at T45 (AO and AP), and at T90 (AP) (p < 0.05). The arachidonic acid (ARA) content was higher at T45 (AO and AP), and at T90 (AO) (p < 0.05). Maternal supplementation with avocado oil and pulp anticipates reflex maturation and somatic postnatal development, and improves memory during the adolescent and adult phases

Maternal supplementation with avocado (persea americana mill.) pulp and oil alters reflex maturation, physical development, and offspring memory in rats

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an oleaginous fruit source of fatty acids with high levels of neuroprotective phytocomplexes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of reflex and somatic maturation, fatty acid profiles in the brain, and memory in different stages of life in the offspring of dams supplemented with avocado pulp and oil during gestation and lactation. The dams were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15 pups/group), and recieved by gavage supplementation: control group (CG)-distilled water; Avocado Oil (AO)-3,000 mg avocado oil/kg animal weight, and Avocado Pulp (AP)-3,000 mg avocado pulp/kg animal weight. We performed the following tests: Analysis of Somatic Development and Ontogeny of Postnatal Reflex (T0 to T21), the Open Field Habituation Test and the Object Recognition Test (ORT) in the adolescent (T45) and adult (190) phases. The cerebral fatty acids content was evaluated at times T0, T21, T45, and T90. The results were analyzed using the statistical program GraphPad Prism and significant statistics were considered when p < 0.05. Acceleration of reflex maturation and reflex ontogeny was observed in the offspring of AO and AP fed dams, with the results being more pronounced in the pulp fed group (p < 0.05). All groups presented a decrease in the ambulation parameter in the second exposure to the Open Field Habituation Test, at T45 and 190 (p < 0.05). In the ORT, the AO and AP offspring presented memory improvements in the short and long term in the adult and adolescent phases (p < 0.05). The results of the brain fatty acid profiles presented higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in the AO and AP groups at T21, T45, and 190. The docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) content was higher at T21 (AO and AP), at T45 (AO and AP), and at T90 (AP) (p < 0.05). The arachidonic acid (ARA) content was higher at T45 (AO and AP), and at T90 (AO) (p < 0.05). Maternal supplementation with avocado oil and pulp anticipates reflex maturation and somatic postnatal development, and improves memory during the adolescent and adult phases.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Efeito da ingestão de salsicha caprina adicionada de quitosana ou quitosana glicosada sobre parâmetros físicos e bioquímicos em ratos dislipidêmicos

Changes in serum triglycerides and lipoproteins are called dyslipidemias, and are directly related to the risk of cardiovascular disease. The fiber intake has positive effects on the control of serum lipoproteins, among them, cholesterol. Chitosan is a biopolymer originated from the alkaline deacetylation of chitin. It is a natural, non-toxic and considered a dietary fiber. The goat meat has excellent lipid profile, as well as essential amino acids, iron and B vitamins Considering the quality of goat meat and chitosan, associated with the potential use of both in product formulation meat was held this objetivando- search to evaluate the effect of the use of goat sausage added chitosan or chitosan glycosylated in dyslipidemic mice. Sausage three formulations were used with similar fat content, differing in the addition or not of 2% chitosan or chitosan derivative. The animals were housed individually in metabolic cages for 42 days and randomly assigned into five groups (n = 10) Control Group (CONT) received water by gavage; Dyslipidemic Group (DLG), received high fat diet; Sausage Group (SG), was added fat diet of goat sausage; Group sausage with Chitosan (SQG), was added fat diet of goat sausage and chitosan; and Group sausage with Chitosan glycosylated (SQGG) received diet-fat adiconada of goat sausage and glycosylated chitosan. During experimeno was accompanied feed intake and weight of the animals and held two colestas stool (21 and 35 days). It was performed oral glucose tolerance test and the end of the experiment were performed murinométricas measurements, checked the weight of visceral fat, dosed biochemical parameters quantified liver fat and cholesterol from the feces and liver. The serum total cholesterol showed lower levels (p <0.05) in the group treated with chitosan glycosylated (82.0 ± 20.7 mg / dl) compared to other treatment groups and higher levels (p <0, 05) for the group that received only caprine sausage (138.9 ± 14.0 mg / dL), as well as the dosage of HDL-c, where SG had 49.8 ± 11.8 mg / dL. For the oral glucose tolerance test, only SQGG (101.5 ± 13.06 mg / dl) showed low glycemic levels at the start of the test. Quantification of liver fat between treatment groups showed a higher content of DLG (6.48 ± 0.66%) and lower content SQG 4.65 ± 0.65%) among treatment groups. SQGG achieved a reduction of visceral fat by up to 46.6% (p <0.05) compared to the control group and showed a reduction of up to 40% of hepatic cholesterol compared to other dyslipidemic groups (p <0.05). All dyslipidemic groups showed elevated fecal cholesterol levels (p <0.05) compared to the control group in both the first and second collection of stools (p <0.05). The consumption of goat sausage provided biochemical benefits to rats, and the sausage added to chitosan and chitosan glycosylated, especially reduction of hepatic cholesterol. Thus, this product can benefit the health of the consumer dyslipidemic.Alterações nos níveis séricos de triglicerídios e lipoproteínas são denomidadas de dislipidemias, e estão diretamente relacionadas ao risco de doenças cardiovasculares. A ingestão de fibras tem efeitos positivos no controle dos níveis séricos de lipoproteínas, dentre elas, o colesterol. A quitosana é um biopolímero originado da desacetilação alcalina da quitina. É um produto natural, não tóxico e considerado uma fibra dietética. A carne caprina possui excelente perfil lipídico, além de aminoácidos essenciais, ferro e vitaminas do complexo B. Considerando a qualidade da carne caprina e da quitosana, associado ao potencial de utilização de ambos na formulação de produto cárneo, realizou-se esta pesquisa objetivando-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de salsicha caprina adicionada de quitosana ou quitosana glicosilada em ratos dislipidêmicos. Foram utilizadas três formulações da salsicha, com teor de gordura similares, diferenciando na adição ou não de 2% de quitosana ou derivado de quitosana. Os animais foram mantidos individualmente em gaiolas metabólicas durante 42 dias e randomizados em cinco grupos (n=10), Grupo Controle (CONT), recebeu água por gavagem; Grupo Dislipidêmico (DLG), recebeu dieta hiperlipídica; Grupo Salsicha (SG), recebeu dieta hiperlipídica adicionada de salsicha caprina; Grupo Salsicha com Quitosana (SQG), recebeu dieta hiperlipídica adicionada de salsicha caprina e quitosana; e Grupo Salsicha com Quitosana Glicosilada (SQGG), recebeu dieta hiperlipídica adiconada de salsicha caprina e quitosana glicosilada. Durante o experimeno foi acompanhado o consumo de ração e peso dos animais e realizada duas colestas de fezes (21º e 35º dias). Foi realizado teste de tolerância oral à glicose e ao final do experimento foram realizadas aferições murinométricas, verificado o peso da gordura visceral, dosado parâmetros bioquímicos, quantificado gordura hepática e colesterol das fezes e fígado. Os níveis de colesterol total sérico mostraram menor níveis (p<0,05) para o grupo tratado com quitosana glicosilada (82,0 ± 20,7 mg/dL) em relação aos outros grupos tratados e níveis mais elevados (p<0,05) para o grupo que recebeu apenas a salsicha caprina (138,9 ± 14,0 mg/dL), assim como a dosagem de HDL-c, onde SG apresentou 49,8 ± 11,8 mg/dL. Para o teste de tolerância oral a glicose, apenas SQGG (101,5 ± 13,06 mg/dL) mostrou níveis glicêmicos reduzidos no início do teste. A quantificação de gordura hepática entre os grupos tratados revelou maior teor em DLG (6,48 ± 0,66 %) e menor teor em SQG 4,65 ± 0,65 %) dentre os grupos tratados. SQGG obteve redução de gordura visceral em até 46,6% (p<0,05) comparado ao grupo controle e demonstrou redução de até 40% de colesterol hepático comparando aos demais grupos dislipidêmicos (p<0,05). Todos os grupos dislipidêmicos apresentaram elevados teores de colesterol fecal (p<0,05) comparado ao grupo controle tanto na primeira como na segunda coleta de fezes (p<0,05). O consumo da salsicha caprina proporcionou benefícios bioquímicos aos ratos, assim como a salsicha adicionada de quitosana e quitosana glicosilada, com destaque para redução do colesterol hepático. Sendo assim, este produto pode beneficiar a saúde do consumidor dislipidêmico

Low fat goat meat sausage with chitosan-glucose Maillard reaction product: impact on quality and shelf life

Abstract Low fat fresh goat sausages based on chitosan (LMWC) and derivative chitosan (LMWC-Glc) were developed aiming to produce a functional food product evaluating the effect of inclusion of these compounds on quality, stability and shelf life. Goat sausages (10% pork fat) were formulated with 2% (w/w) of LMWC or LMWC-Glc and stored at 4 °C during 21 days. Results indicated that incorporation of LMWC-Glc and LMWC is technologically feasible, originating a potential functional product with low fat content, besides the positive impact on microbial safety. The modified LMWC (towards better solubility and lower adstringency) incorporated at 2% as functional ingredient maintained positive effect on antimicrobial, nutrional, textural and sensory performance. The results also proved that derivative chitosan may also be a promising strategy for improving the quality and extending the shelf life of low fat goat sausage

Evaluation of the effectiveness of macaíba palm seed kernel (Acrocomia intumescens drude) on anxiolytic activity, memory preservation and oxidative stress in the brain of dyslipidemic rats.

Macaíba palm seed kernel is a source of lipids and phenolic compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of macaíba palm seed kernel on anxiety, memory, and oxidative stress in the brain of health and dyslipidemic rats. Forty rats were used, divided into 4 groups (n = 10 each): control (CONT), dyslipidemic (DG), kernel (KG), and Dyslipidemic kernel (DKG). Dyslipidemia was induced using a high fat emulsion for 14 days before treatment. KG and DKG received 1000 mg/kg of macaíba palm seed kernel per gavage for 28 days. After treatment, anxiety tests were carried out using the Open Field Test (OFT), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and the Object Recognition Test (ORT) to assess memory. In the animals' brain tissue, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total glutathione (GSH) were quantified to determine oxidative stress. The data were treated with Two Way ANOVA followed by Tukey (p <0.05). Results demonstrated that the animals treated with kernel realized more rearing. DG and KG groomed less compared with CONT and DKG compared with all groups in OFT. KG spent more time in aversive open arms compared with CONT and DKG compared with all groups in EPM. Only DKG spent more time in the central area in EMP. KG and DKG showed a reduction in the exploration rate and MDA values (p <0.05). Data showed that macaíba palm seed kernel consumption induced anxiolytic-like behaviour and decreased lipids peroxidation in rats' brains. On the other hand, this consumption by healthy and dyslipidemic animals compromises memory

Consumption of clarified goat butter added with turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) increase oleic fatty acid and lipid peroxidation in the liver of adolescent rats

The present study investigated the consumption of clarified goat butter (with or without turmeric) on physical, hepatic, biochemical parameters and lipid peroxidation in the livers of male adolescent Wistar rats aged 35 days. Four groups were formed: control (CONT) – treated with distilled water; Turmeric (CM): treated with 60 mg/kg of turmeric; Clarified goat butter (BT): treated with 2000 mg/kg of goat butter and Goat butter mixed with turmeric (BTCM): received 2000 mg/kg of goat butter added with turmeric. Data showed a reduction in the liver fat in CM and BT in relation to the CONT and BTCM. Aspartate aminotransferase was decreased in the CM, BT and BTCM compared to CONT. CM presented reduced glucose, total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides (TC) and increased HDL. The BT presented decreased in TC and LDL. BTCM showed reduction in TC, LDL, and HDL. Lipid peroxidation increased in all experimental groups. There was a reduction in the saturated fatty acids in CM liver; BT and BTCM showed higher deposition of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver. In conclusion, the consumption of clarified goat butter improved plama lipids but reduced HDL, did not elevated fat liver or liver enzimes but lipid peroxidation was increased. Thus, combined supplementation with clarified goat butter complemented with turmeric did not result in additional benefits when the treatment occurred during adolescence.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio