Políticas de viviendas y medidas de bienestar

El objetivo de este estudio, es plantear un método de análisis para medir las variaciones del bienestar que sufren los consumidores derivadas de las distintas ayudas que diferentes niveles de gobierno conceden para la adquisición de vivienda habitual. Nuestra comunicación consta de cuatro partes: en la primera parte se realiza una breve exposición de las estimaciones realizadas de la demanda de servicios de vivienda, en la segunda se analizan los principales métodos empleados para hallar la reducción de coste de vivienda al que se enfrenta una familia producido por los subsidios favorables a su consumo, en la tercera se estudian los efectos sobre la conducta del consumidor de las políticas de vivienda, tanto en lo referido a la decisión de elección de tenencia, propiedad o alquiler, como en la cantidad de vivienda a consumir. Por último se hace una revisión de los principales trabajos cuyo objetivo es la medición de la eficiencia de las políticas de vivienda, así como también la evaluación de sus implicaciones en la distribución de rentas. En todo el análisis la vivienda es considerada como una mercancía homogénea. Se trata de un trabajo en curso de manera que aún quedan muchos puntos por analizar así como muchas preguntas por responde

VALORACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD MEDIO AMBIENTAL: UNA APLICACIÓN DEL MÉTODO HEDÓNICO PARA LAS PRINCIPALES POBLACIONES ASTURIANAS.

El objetivo del trabajo es el cálculo de la variación de bienestar que se produce en los consumidores por una mejora en su calidad medio ambiental. El análisis se basa en la aplicación del método de precios hedónicos (Rosen, 1974) al campo medio ambiental. En una primera etapa se estima el precio de la variable medio ambiental y, posteriormente, su demanda. Una vez realizada la estimación, se calcula la variación de bienestar a través de la medida hicksiana de la variación compensatoria. El ámbito espacial del estudio coincide con las poblaciones más importantes de la zona central del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Gijón, Avilés, Mieres y Langreo. Los datos son del año 1996. Classification-JEL : : H41 (Public Goods). bienestar, calidad medio ambiental, precios hedónicos, sistemas de demanda, variación compensatoria.

Determining the impact of economic activiy in Asturias on greenhouse gas emissions

To fulfil the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol, public authorities with responsibility for the environment, need to design and implement policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, whose pollution impact is highly relevant. Hence it is necessary to develop reliable data bases, indicators and tools in order to determine the reach of such an impact. In Spain, the Autonomous Communities have powers and responsibility for dealing with environmental affairs. Thus, the aim of this paper is the construction of an environmental Input-Output Table for the Regional Government of Asturias, with useful information with respect to environmental aspects of the regional economy. Concretely, the consequences of economic activity on the greenhouse gas emissions will be studied. The specific targets will be: to define and calculate the emission coefficients for every production sector and the final demand of the Asturian regional economy; to account for the quantities of the greenhouse gas emissions by sectors for a specified year; and to construct an environmental IO accounts system for Asturias starting from the pollution coefficients matrixes. Once these matrixes have been developed, it will be possible to carry out a conventional IO analysis, including the environmental aspects. As a result, the quantity of the pollutants generated directly in the economy by each of the production sectors and by the final demand will be determined, as well as the additional indirect emissions belonging to the output production. Finally, the multiplier analysis will be extended to obtain the induced effects resulting from consideration of household consumption, financed by incomes from the domestic production sectors, as endogenous.

Efectos distributivos del gasto público en vivienda protegida para el Principado de Asturias

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los aspectos distributivos de las políticas de vivienda directas que se aplican en la actualidad en el Principado de Asturias. El estudio hace especial referencia a la elección de las medidas de desigualdad, presentándose varias de ellas con diferentes características metodológicas. Los resultados indican que dependiendo de la medida de desigualdad elegida el efecto redistributivo de la política es diferente. Así, las medidas de desigualdad tradicionales, como el índice de Gini, indican que la política es altamente distributiva mientras que medidas menos comunes en la literatura indican el efecto contrario

Entorno medioambiental, actividades agrícolas y precios en alojamientos rurales

The objective of this study is to analyze how the characteristics of the environment associated with agricultural activities influence the prices of rural tourism accommodation. To this end the model of hedonic prices is applied, which allows to break down the price of a good or service depending on the characteristics that it entails, including those of its environment. The study is carried out in the autonomous community of Asturias. The results indicate that the market values positively accommodation establishments located in municipalities with a high percentage of forests and pastureland, and negatively those located in municipalities with a high percentage of cultivated land. The study serves as a starting point for cost-benefit analysis of the policies aimed to promote activities that will improve the rural environment.El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar cómo las características del entorno medioambiental asociadas a actividades agrícolas influyen en los precios de los alojamientos de turismo rural. Para ello se aplica el modelo de precios hedónicos, que permite descomponer el precio de un bien o servicio en función de las características que lo forman, incluyendo las de su entorno. El estudio se realiza en la comunidad autónoma de Asturias. Los resultados indican que el mercado valora positivamente alojamientos situados en municipios con alto porcentaje de bosques y praderías, y negativamente los situados en municipios con alto porcentaje de tierra cultivada. El trabajo sirve de punto de partida para realizar análisis coste-beneficio de las políticas encaminadas a favorecer actividades que mejoren el entorno medioambiental rural

Rural tourism accommodation prices by land use-based hedonic approach: First results from the case study of the self-catering cottages in Asturias

This study analyses the impacts of environmental amenities associated with agricultural and silvicultural land use on the price of rural tourism accommodation in Asturias (Spain). A hedonic price model that relates the price of rural accommodation to environmental amenities as well as equipment, services offered, and the locational characteristics of the accommodation is estimated. The rural accommodations in the study are the self-catering cottages, the intrinsic features of which promote the development of rural tourism sustainability. Geographic information systems (GIS) data are used to measure the location and the proximity to amenities of these self-catering cottages. The main results indicate that agricultural land use has an important impact on the price of accommodation in self-catering cottages. Specifically, a high percentage of grassland in the municipality where the self-catering cottage is sited has a positive effect on rental prices, while a high percentage of arable crops has the opposite effect. The analysis is interesting for decision-making in the context of environmental policies, land use conflict resolution, and rural tourism sustainability

Administración de corticoides a los pacientes con sepsis grave y mejora de su mortalidad intrahospitalaria: Una revisión sistemática

Objective: To determine if there is scientific evidence to demonstrate a beneficial effect of corticosteroid treatment in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Also, to indicate the best clinical practice in the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. We propose to determine the profile of the septic patient with critical illness that can benefit from the administration of corticosteroids for their treatment.Methodology: Search in databases of great evidence, establishing criteria of inclusion and exclusion to obtain a greater specificity of the subject. In the selection, the premises of the CASPe program were followed, and 9 articles were included in our systematic review.Results and conclusions: Most of the evidence shows that the administration of corticosteroids has a benefit in the reversion of shock, but does not decrease the mortality of patients. It was observed that patients who benefit from this type of treatment are those that are more critical, with APACHE II scores higher. On the other hand, the literature shows better results in relation to the benefit of this treatment, if it is started early in patients candidates for such treatment, and the best way to administer them is in a continuous infusion. A possible cause of the heterogeneity in the results regarding the benefits of corticosteroid administration could be related to a genetic variation, as shown by Schäfer et al.Objetivo: Averiguar si existe evidencia científica que demuestre un efecto beneficioso del tratamiento con corticoides en los pacientes con sepsis grave o shock séptico. También precisar la mejor práctica clínica en el uso de los corticoides para el tratamiento de los pacientes que presentan sepsis grave o shock séptico. Nos proponemos determinar el perfil del paciente séptico con enfermedad crítica que puede beneficiarse de la administración de corticoides para su tratamiento. Metodología: Búsqueda en bases de datos de gran evidencia, estableciendo unos criterios de inclusión y exclusión para obtener una mayor especificidad del tema. En la selección se siguieron las premisas del programa CASPe, y se incluyeron 9 artículos en nuestra revisión sistemática.Resultados y conclusiones: La mayoría de las evidencias muestran que la administración de corticoides presenta un beneficio en la reversión del shock, pero no disminuye la mortalidad de los pacientes. Se observó que los pacientes que se benefician de este tipo de tratamiento, son aquellos que están más críticos, con puntuaciones en la escala APACHE II más altas. Por otro lado, la bibliografía muestra unos mejores resultados en relación al beneficio de este tratamiento, si se inicia de una forma precoz en los pacientes candidatos a recibir dicho tratamiento, y la mejor forma de administrarlos es en bomba de perfusión continua. Una posible causa de la heterogeneidad en los resultados en cuanto a los beneficios de la administración de los corticoides, podría relacionarse con una variación genética, tal y como mostró Schäfer et al. &nbsp

Assisted Reproductive Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis: Recommendations from an Expert Panel

Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is mainly diagnosed in women of reproductive age. However, there is a paucity of guidelines jointly prepared by neurologists and gynaecologists on managing women with MS and the desire for motherhood. Therefore, in this review we propose recommendations for such cases, with an particular focus on those requiring assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Methods A group of seven MS experts (4 neurologists and 3 gynaecologists) came together for three discussion sessions to achieve consensus. Results The recommendations reported here focus on the importance of early preconception counselling, the management of disease-modifying therapies before and during ART procedures, important considerations for women with MS regarding ART (intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilisation and oocyte cryopreservation) and the paramount relevance of multidisciplinary units to manage these patients. Conclusions Early preconception consultations are essential to individualising pregnancy management in women with MS, and an early, well-planned, spontaneous pregnancy should be the aim whenever possible. The management of women with MS and the desire for motherhood by multidisciplinary units is warranted to ensure appropriate guidance through the entire pregnancy.Merck, S.L.U., Madrid, Spain, an affiliate of Merck KGaA funded this work without participating in its design, data analysis or manuscript preparation. Merck, S.L.U also funded the journal’s Rapid Service Fee

Study of Quasispecies Complexity and Liver Damage Progression after Liver Transplantation in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients

Fibrosis; Hepatitis C virus; Viral loadFibrosis; Virus de la hepatitis C; Carga viralFibrosi; Virus de l'hepatitis C; Càrrega viralCirrhosis derived from chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is still a common indication for liver transplantation (LT). Reinfection of the engrafted liver is universal in patients with detectable viral RNA at the time of transplant and causes fast progression of cirrhosis (within 5 years) in around one-third of these patients. To prevent damage to the liver graft, effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy is required as soon as possible. However, because of post-LT clinical instability, it is difficult to determine the optimal time to start DAAs with a low risk of complications. Evaluate changes in quasispecies complexity following LT and seek a predictive index of fast liver damage progression to determine the timing of DAA initiation. HCV genomes isolated from pre-LT and 15-day post-LT serum samples of ten patients, who underwent orthotopic LT, were quantified and sequenced using a next-generation sequencing platform. Sequence alignments, phylogenetic trees, quasispecies complexity measures, biostatistics analyses, adjusted R2 values, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were carried out. Three different patterns of reinfection were observed (viral bottlenecking, conserved pre-LT population, and mixed populations), suggesting that bottlenecking or homogenization of the viral population is not a generalized effect after liver graft reinfection. None of the quasispecies complexity measures predicted the future degree of liver damage. Higher and more uniform viral load (VL) values were observed in all pre-LT samples, but values were more dispersed in post-LT samples. However, VL increased significantly from the pre-LT to 15-day post-LT samples in patients with advanced fibrosis at 1-year post-LT, suggesting that a VL increase on day 15 may be a predictor of fast liver fibrosis progression. HCV kinetics after LT differ between patients and are not fibrosis-dependent. Higher VL at day 15 post-LT versus pre-LT samples may predict fast liver fibrosis progression.This study was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) with grant numbers PI19/00533, PI19/00301, Clinical Trial Gov. Identifier: NCT01707849, and from Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial-CDTI of the Spanish Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness (MINECO) grant number, IDI-20200297. C.P. is supported by the Miguel Servet program of Instituto de Salud Carlos III, grant CP14/00121, cofinanced by the ERDF. Astellas Pharma Inc and Novartis Pharma also provided funding for the study, but these companies had had no role in the study design, data collection or analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

XIII Reunión Post-ECTRIMS : revisión de las novedades presentadas en el Congreso ECTRIMS 2020 (I)

Introducción: Desde hace más de una década, tras el congreso ECTRIMS, se celebra en España la reunión Post-ECTRIMS, donde neurólogos expertos en esclerosis múltiple (EM) de toda España se reúnen para revisar las principales novedades presentadas en el ECTRIMS (en esta ocasión, celebrado junto con el ACTRIMS). Objetivo: En el presente artículo, publicado en dos partes, se resumen las ponencias que tuvieron lugar en la reunión Post-ECTRIMS, celebrada los días 16 y 17 de octubre de 2020 de forma virtual. Desarrollo. En esta primera parte se incluyen los últimos resultados acerca del impacto del ambiente y el estilo de vida sobre el riesgo de EM y su curso clínico, y el papel de la epigenética y los factores genéticos sobre estos procesos. Se discuten los hallazgos en investigación preclínica y clínica sobre los subtipos de linfocitos identificados, y la implicación de los folículos linfoides y la afectación meníngea en la enfermedad. Los cambios en la estructura cerebral se abordan a nivel microscópico y macroscópico, incluyendo resultados de técnicas de imagen de alta resolución. También se presentan los últimos avances sobre biomarcadores para el diagnóstico y el pronóstico de la EM, y sobre la afectación del microbioma en estos pacientes. Por último, se esbozan los resultados de registros de pacientes sobre el impacto de la COVID-19 en los pacientes con EM. Conclusiones: Ha habido nuevos datos sobre factores de riesgo de la EM, impacto de la EM a nivel celular y estructural, papel del microbioma en la enfermedad, biomarcadores y la relación entre COVID-19 y EM.Introduction. For more than a decade, following the ECTRIMS Congress, the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting has been held in Spain, where neurologists with expertise in multiple sclerosis (MS) from all over the country meet to review the most relevant latest developments presented at the ECTRIMS congress (on this occasion held together with ACTRIMS). Aim. This article, published in two parts, summarises the presentations that took place at the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, held online on 16 and 17 October 2020. Development. This first part includes the latest results regarding the impact of the environment and lifestyle on risk of MS and its clinical course, and the role of epigenetics and genetic factors on these processes. Findings from preclinical and clinical research on the lymphocyte subtypes identified and the involvement of lymphoid follicles and meningeal involvement in the disease are discussed. Changes in brain structure are addressed at the microscopic and macroscopic levels, including results from high-resolution imaging techniques. The latest advances on biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of MS, and on the involvement of the microbiome in these patients are also reported. Finally, results from patient registries on the impact of COVID-19 in MS patients are outlined. Conclusions. There have been new data on MS risk factors, the impact of MS at the cellular and structural level, the role of the microbiome in the disease, biomarkers, and the relationship between COVID-19 and MS