Non-AIDS defining cancers in the D:A:D Study-time trends and predictors of survival : a cohort study

BACKGROUND:Non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive individuals. Using data from a large international cohort of HIV-positive individuals, we described the incidence of NADC from 2004-2010, and described subsequent mortality and predictors of these.METHODS:Individuals were followed from 1st January 2004/enrolment in study, until the earliest of a new NADC, 1st February 2010, death or six months after the patient's last visit. Incidence rates were estimated for each year of follow-up, overall and stratified by gender, age and mode of HIV acquisition. Cumulative risk of mortality following NADC diagnosis was summarised using Kaplan-Meier methods, with follow-up for these analyses from the date of NADC diagnosis until the patient's death, 1st February 2010 or 6 months after the patient's last visit. Factors associated with mortality following NADC diagnosis were identified using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.RESULTS:Over 176,775 person-years (PY), 880 (2.1%) patients developed a new NADC (incidence: 4.98/1000PY [95% confidence interval 4.65, 5.31]). Over a third of these patients (327, 37.2%) had died by 1st February 2010. Time trends for lung cancer, anal cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma were broadly consistent. Kaplan-Meier cumulative mortality estimates at 1, 3 and 5 years after NADC diagnosis were 28.2% [95% CI 25.1-31.2], 42.0% [38.2-45.8] and 47.3% [42.4-52.2], respectively. Significant predictors of poorer survival after diagnosis of NADC were lung cancer (compared to other cancer types), male gender, non-white ethnicity, and smoking status. Later year of diagnosis and higher CD4 count at NADC diagnosis were associated with improved survival. The incidence of NADC remained stable over the period 2004-2010 in this large observational cohort.CONCLUSIONS:The prognosis after diagnosis of NADC, in particular lung cancer and disseminated cancer, is poor but has improved somewhat over time. Modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and low CD4 counts, were associated with mortality following a diagnosis of NADC

Variations des caractéristiques pondérales et des compositions amino-acide et protéique pendant le développement embryonnaire de Palaemon serratus

Wet and dry weights variations related to mother shrimps length, as well as free amino acids, proteins and lipoproteins concentrations of the eggs, have been measured during embryonic development. Eggs wet weight strongly increases whereas dry weight remains nearly constant. Both are closely correlated to mother shrimp length. Total free amino acids concentration is fourfold higher at hatching than at laying, due to the increase of some amino acids such as proline, glycine, alanine and glutamic acid, whereas the so-called essential ones decrease in percentage, chiefly the tryptophane ratio. The slight fall of the total protein concentration throughout the development is the result of embryonic proteins synthesis from lipoproteins. Aminoaaid composition of pro­teins is very similar to the lipoproteins one, excepted for a few amino acids : lysine, serine, cystine, isoleuaine. Those compositions are almost constant throughout the embryo­genesis.Les variations des poids humide et sec des oeufs en fonction de la taille des femelles, ainsi que des teneurs en acides aminés libres, protéines et lipoprotéines ont été analysées durant le développement embryonnaire. La composition amino-aaide des protéines et des lipoprotéines a également été déterminée. Le poids humide des oeufs augmente fortement durant l'embryogenèse, alors que le poids sec reste pratiquement constant. Le poids des oeufs est directement, et étroitement, corrélé à la taille des femelles. - La teneur en. acides aminés libres totaux est multipliée par quatre entre la ponte et l'éclosion, reflétant l'augmentation de quelques acides aminés : proline, glycine, alanine, acide glutamique, alors que les proportions des acides aminés dits essentiels diminuent, sur­tout celle du tryptophane. . La légère diminution de la concentration protéique totale au cours du développement rend compte de la formation des protéines de l'embryon aux dépens des lipoprotéines du vitel- lus. Les compositions en acides aminés des protéines et des lipoprotéines vitellines sont très voisines, seuls quelques acides aminés diffèrent légèrement : lysine, sérine, cystine, isoleu- aine. Au cours de l'embryogenèse, elles ne varient presque pas

Digestive physiology of shrimps

chap. 15International audienc

A Comparative Study of Cellulase and Xylanase Activity in Freshwater Crayfish and Marine Prawns

Cellulase and xylanase digestive enzyme activities were compared in four freshwater crayfish (Genus Cherax) and three marine prawn (Genus Penaeus) species.Temperature and pH profiles for cellulase (endoglucanase)were found to be very similar in all species, with maximum activity occurring at 60oC and pH 5.0.Temperature and pH profiles for xylanase (endoxylanase)were also very similar in all cray¢sh species,with maximum activity occurring at 50oC and pH 5.0. Xylanase activity was not detected in the three prawn species examined. In addition, in vitro studies showed thatmost species were able to liberate glucose from carboxymethyl cellulose, indicating that cellulose substrates can be a source of energy for both crayfish and prawn species