60 research outputs found

    The Tubulifera (Hexapoda, Thysanoptera) of the Maltese Islands

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    This work records the presence of 13 species of tubuliferan thrips from the Maltese Islands. Eleven of these species, namely Bolothrips dentipes, B. insularis, Priesneriella mavromoustakisi, Gynaikothrips uzeli, Haplothrips acanthoscelis, H. aculeatus, H. setiger, H. tritici, Karnyothrips flavipes, Liothrips reuteri and Neoheegeria dalmatica are new records for the Maltese Islands. Two species: Gynaikothrips ficorum and Karnyothrips flavipes can be described as subcosmopolitan in distribution, another three species: Haplothrips aculeatus, H. setiger and H. tritici are distributed across the Holarctic and Palaearctic regions, while a further seven: Bolothrips dentipes, B. insularis, Haplothrips acanthoscelis, Liothrips oleae, L. reuteri, Neoheegeria dalmatica and Priesneriella mavromoustakisi have a European and/or Mediterranean distribution. Gynaikothrips ficorum and G. uzeli are considered as alien species. A key to the Tubulifera of the Maltese Islands as well as chorological data for these recorded species are provided in this work

    A regeneração florestal afeta a fauna de tripes fungívoros (Insecta: Thysanoptera) na Mata Atlântica

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    Forest regeneration can affect the soil-dwelling insect fauna by promoting an increase in tree diversity and accelerating the accumulation of litter biomass in this environment. This study evaluated the effect of forest regeneration of Atlantic Forest fragments on the fungus-feeding thrips community. In each fragment, two treatments were selected: (i) intermediate successional stage (ISS) and (ii) early successional stage (ESS). Each treatment had three transects, each one with 10 sampling units, comprising 240 sampling units. We sampled 221 adult thrips, 135 individuals in the ISS, and 86 individuals in the ESS. We found 35 Thysanoptera species in 15 genera, all of them belonging to Phlaeothripidae. Abundance, richness, and Shannon’s diversity were higher in the ISS than in the ESS. The low number of individuals and high species richness suggests a remarkable distribution of thrips fauna in the litter. Although some taxa were more related to ISS, species composition structure did not differ between successional stages. Our study indicates that the fungivorous thrips fauna associated with litter was affected by the different natural regeneration states, suggesting that these fungivorous insects are sensitive to different successional stages.  A regeneração florestal pode afetar a fauna de insetos que habitam o solo, ao promover um aumento na diversidade de árvores e acelerar o acúmulo de biomassa da serapilheira nesse ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da regeneração florestal de fragmentos da Mata Atlântica na comunidade de tripes fungívoros. Em cada fragmento, foram selecionados dois tratamentos: (i) estágio sucessional intermediário e (ii) estágio sucessional inicial. Cada tratamento compreendeu três transectos, cada um com 10 unidades amostrais, totalizando 240 unidades amostrais. Foram amostrados 221 tripes adultos, 135 nas áreas de sucessão intermediária e 86 indivíduos nas áreas de sucessão inicial.  Encontramos 35 espécies de Thysanoptera em 15 gêneros, todos pertencentes à família Phlaeothripidae. Abundância, riqueza e diversidade de Shannon foram maiores em locais de sucessão intermediária. Esse baixo número de indivíduos e a alta riqueza de espécies sugerem uma distribuição notável da fauna de tripes na serapilheira. Embora alguns táxons estivessem mais relacionados ao estágio intermediário de sucessão, a estrutura de composição das espécies não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Nosso estudo indica que a fauna de tripes fungívoros associada à serapilheira foi afetada pelos diferentes estados de regeneração natural, sugerindo que esses insetos são sensíveis a diferentes estágios sucessionais

    Ground-Dwelling and Vegetation Ant Fauna in Southern Brazilian Grasslands

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    Non-forest ecosystems, as natural grasslands from Southern Brazil, are still neglected in conservation policies. Measuring their biodiversity is one of the main steps to generate management strategies for these habitats. This study aims to (i) describe grassland ant richness and composition in Rio Grande do Sul state, and (ii) compare ant communities sampled on the ground and in grassland vegetation, adding to our knowledge of habitat use patterns and vegetation associated species. Six sites were sampled, three belonging to the Pampa biome and three in highland region from the Atlantic Forest biome. Ant fauna was collected once per year in summer during four years in each site with pitfalls traps and sweeping nets. Overall, 29,812 ant individuals were sampled belonging to eight subfamilies, 30 genera e 106 species. The grasslands of Pampa accumulated 91 species and 45 exclusive species, while highland grasslands summed up 61 species and only 15 exclusive species. Species composition differs between biomes as well as between sampling methods. Ant communities sampled from vegetation represented a clear subset of the fauna sampled with pitfall traps, and indication analysis showed only two species associated with this stratum: Myrmelachista gallicola and Pseudomyrmex nr. flavidulus. This study highlights the importance of Southern Brazilian grasslands and the need for specific conservation strategies for the natural grasslands from each biome

    Preliminary investigations on the thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) fauna of the Maltese Islands

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    Thrips constitute a small order of insects with some 6,150 described species worldwide. Some species are of economic importance mainly due to their polyphagous nature and ability to transmit plant pathogens in agricultural crops. No surveys have ever been conducted in the Maltese Islands which specifically focus on the biodiversity of Thysanoptera. The current study attempts to determine which thrips occur both in the natural habitats and in the agro-ecosytems of the Maltese Islands.peer-reviewe

    Structural and Chemical Profiles of Myrcia splendens (Myrtaceae) Leaves Under the Influence of the Galling Nexothrips sp. (Thysanoptera)

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    Thysanoptera-induced galls commonly culminate in simple folding or rolling leaf gall morphotypes. Most of these galls are induced by members of the suborder Tubulifera, with only a few species of the suborder Terebrantia being reported as gall inducers. The Terebrantia, as most of the gall inducers, manipulates the host plant cellular communication system, and induces anatomical and biochemical changes in its host plant. In an effort to keep its homeostasis, the host plant reacts to the stimuli of the galling insect and triggers chemical signaling processes. In contrast to free-living herbivores, the signaling processes involving galling herbivores and their host plants are practically unknown. Current investigation was performed into two steps: first, we set the structural profile of non-galled and galled leaves, and looked forward to find potential alterations due to gall induction by an undescribed species of Nexothrips (suborder Terebrantia) on Myrcia splendens. Once oil glands had been altered in size and number, the second step was the investigation of the chemical profile of three tissue samples: (1) non-galled leaves of a control individual, (2) non-galled leaves of galled plants, and (3) galls. This third sample was divided into two groups: (3.1) galls from which the inducing thrips were manually removed and (3.2) galls macerated with the inducing thrips inside. The chemical profile was performed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometric detector after headspace solid-phase extraction. The galling activity of the Nexothrips sp. on M. splendens culminates in mesophyll compactness interspersed to diminutive hypersensitive spots, development of air cavities, and the increase in size and number of the secretory glands. Seventy-two compounds were completely identified in the volatile profile of the three samples, from which, sesquiterpenes and aldehydes, pertaining to the “green leaf volatile” (GLVs) class, are the most abundant. The rare event of gall induction by a Terebrantia revealed discrete alterations toward leaf rolling, and indicated quantitative differences related to the plant bioactivity manipulated by the galling thrips. Also, the content of methyl salicylate has varied and has been considered a potential biomarker of plant resistance stimulated as a long-distance effect on M.splendens individuals

    12,500+ and counting: biodiversity of the Brazilian Pampa

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    Knowledge on biodiversity is fundamental for conservation strategies. The Brazilian Pampa region, located in subtropical southern Brazil, is neglected in terms of conservation, and knowledge of its biodiversity is fragmented. We aim to answer the question: how many, and which, species occur in the Brazilian Pampa? In a collaborative effort, we built species lists for plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi that occur in the Brazilian Pampa. We included information on distribution patterns, main habitat types, and conservation status. Our study resulted in referenced lists totaling 12,503 species (12,854 taxa, when considering infraspecific taxonomic categories [or units]). Vascular plants amount to 3,642 species (including 165 Pteridophytes), while algae have 2,046 species (2,378 taxa) and bryophytes 316 species (318 taxa). Fungi (incl. lichenized fungi) contains 1,141 species (1,144 taxa). Animals total 5,358 species (5,372 taxa). Among the latter, vertebrates comprise 1,136 species, while invertebrates are represented by 4,222 species. Our data indicate that, according to current knowledge, the Pampa holds approximately 9% of the Brazilian biodiversity in an area of little more than 2% of Brazil’s total land The proportion of species restricted to the Brazilian Pampa is low (with few groups as exceptions), as it is part of a larger grassland ecoregion and in a transitional climatic setting. Our study yielded considerably higher species numbers than previously known for many species groups; for some, it provides the first published compilation. Further efforts are needed to increase knowledge in the Pampa and other regions of Brazil. Considering the strategic importance of biodiversity and its conservation, appropriate government policies are needed to fund studies on biodiversity, create accessible and constantly updated biodiversity databases, and consider biodiversity in school curricula and other outreach activitie

    Analysis of shared common genetic risk between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and epilepsy

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    Because hyper-excitability has been shown to be a shared pathophysiological mechanism, we used the latest and largest genome-wide studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 36,052) and epilepsy (n = 38,349) to determine genetic overlap between these conditions. First, we showed no significant genetic correlation, also when binned on minor allele frequency. Second, we confirmed the absence of polygenic overlap using genomic risk score analysis. Finally, we did not identify pleiotropic variants in meta-analyses of the 2 diseases. Our findings indicate that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and epilepsy do not share common genetic risk, showing that hyper-excitability in both disorders has distinct origins

    História natural de Aulacothrips (THYSANOPTERA: HETEROTHRIPIDAE) e os efeitos do ectoparasitismo em cigarrinhas trofobiontes (HEMIPTERA: AUCHENORRHYNCHA)

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    O registro do hábito ectoparasita em Thysanoptera estava limitado a Aulacothrips dictyotus (Heterothripidae). Esta espécie foi previamente registrada infestando ninfas e adultos de Aetalion reticulatum (Hemiptera: Aetalionidae), e acreditava-se que essa fosse uma associação única entre os tisanópteros. Entretanto, em recentes observações em áreas de Cerrado e floresta Amazônica, duas novas espécies de Aulacothrips foram encontradas, Aulacothrips minor e Aulacothrips amazonicus, respectivamente. Estes novos táxons apresentam histórias de vida distintas de Au. dictyotus e infestam diferentes hospedeiros. Ao mesmo tempo que não se conhecia a gama de hospedeiros destes tisanópteros, nada se sabia sobre a real interação deste tripes com as cigarrinhas e quais os efeitos da presença destes insetos para os Hemiptera. Nossos resultados indicam que Au. minor infesta várias espécies de Membracidae (Hemiptera), principalmente Guayaquila xiphias em áreas de Cerrado, enquanto que Au. amazonicus foi observada infestando cigarrinhas do gênero Ramedia (Membracidae) no Estado do Pará. Já Au. dictyotus ataca apenas Ae. reticulatum, uma cigarrinha de importância agrícola que possui uma ampla distribuição na América do Sul. Todas as espécies de Aulacothrips foram observadas sempre em hemípteros de hábito gregário atendidos por formigas, mas estas não molestam esses Thysanoptera. Estes tripes depositam seus ovos na planta, próximo à agregação de cigarrinhas. Este processo facilita as larvas de primeiro instar a encontrarem um hospedeiro. O hábito gregário destas cigarrinhas parece ser fundamental para estes tripes completarem seu ciclo de vida. Tal hábito permite que haja sempre hospedeiros disponíveis durante o processo de ecdise dos hemípteros, quando o tripes precisa abandonar seu hospedeiro e encontrar um novo indivíduo na mesma agregação. As três espécies de Aulacothrips apresentam diferenças marcantes nas áreas sensoriais dos antenômeros III–IV. Em Au. amazonicus estas áreas sensoriais são significativamente reduzidas enquanto que em Au. dictyotus estas são extremamente desevolvidas. É provável que a diferença existente no tamanho destes órgãos entre as espécies esteja intimamente relacionada ao grau de especificidade parasitária e caracteríticas do ambiente em que vivem. Observações da morfologia interna dos tripes e das cigarrinhas confirmaram o hábito ectoparasita de Aulacothrips. Estes parasitas foram observados sugando a hemolinfa das cigarrinhas, próximo aos corpos gordurosos. Avaliou-se o efeito da presença de Au. dictyotus no comportamento de Ae. reticulatum através da comparação de repertórios comportamentais de indivíduos infestados versus não infestados. Os resultados indicaram que Au. dictyotus modifica o comportamento das cigarrinhas. Os indivíduos infectados apresentaram um grande número de atos comportamentais relacionados à limpeza corporal e executam estas atividades em frequências mais altas quando comparados às cigarrinhas sem tripes. O número de registros ligados à alimentação foi menor em cigarrinhas infestadas, e o número de registros de locomoção e dispersão para longe da agregação de origem foi maior. Os dados apresentados aqui constituem os primeiros passos para reconstruir o cenário evolutivo envolvido neste fascinante sistema multitrófico no qual Aulacothrips está presente.Ectoparasitism in Thysanoptera was recorded only from Aulacothrips dictyotus (Heterothripidae). This species was previously recorded infesting nymphs and adults of Aetalion reticulatum (Hemiptera: Aetalionidae) and this association was supposed to be singular amongst thrips. However, recent observations revealed two new Aulacothrips species in the Brazilian Cerrado and Amazon rainforest, Aulacothrips minor e Aulacothrips amazonicus, respectively. These new taxa exhibit distinct life-histories from Au. dictyotus and infest different hemipteran hosts. The host range of Aulacothrips was unknown, and it has not been demonstrated that the interaction with these insects is parasitic and what the effect of the thrips presence was to the Hemiptera. Our results showed that Au. minor infests several Membracidae (Hemiptera) species, especially Guayaquila xiphias in Cerrado areas, whereas Au. amazonicus was found infesting Ramedia treehoppers (Membracidae) in Pará state. In contrast, Au. dictyotus seems to attack only Ae. reticulatum, a widespread pest in South America. All Aulacothrips species were found attacking gregarious hemipterans tended by ants. However, the latter do not attack these Thysanoptera. Aulacothrips lay their eggs in the plant tissue, next to the Hemiptera agregation. This behaviour allows first instar larvae to find available hosts upon eclosion. The gregarious behaviour exhibited by these hemipterans also seems to be crucial to the thrips life-cycle. This behaviour allows them to infest new individual hosts whilst the previously attacked Hemipteran host moults, then the thrips detaches from the host and infests another individual of the same aggregation. The three Aulacothrips species show remarkable differences on the sensorial areas on antennal segments III–IV. In Au. amazonicus these sensoria are significantly reduced while in Au. dictyotus they are extremely developed. This difference observed in sensoria length amongst Aulacothrips species might reflect the degree of specificity of these parasites and habitat characteristics. Observations on the internal morphology of the thysanopterans and their associated hemipterans confirmed the ectoparasitic way of life of Aulacothrips. These parasites were observed sucking Hemiptera hemolymph, close to fat bodies. We analized the effect of Au. dictyotus presence on the behaviour of Ae. reticulatum through comparisons of behavioural repertories of thrips-infested versus non-infested individuals. Our results indicated that Au. dictyotus alter host behaviour. Infested individuals displayed a large number of behavioural acts related to self-cleaning and they execute these activities in higher frequencies when compared to thrips-free hemipterans. The number of records related to feeding was lower in infested Ae. reticulatum. Moreover, thrips-infested aetalionids showed more locomotion and dispersal records. The records presented here are the first steps to reconstruct the evolutionary scenario behind this remarkable multitrophic system involving Aulacothrips

    Comunidades de tripes (Insecta : Thysanoptera) em flores e ramos, com ênfase em Asteraceae no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, RS

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    A ordem Thysanoptera reúne cerca de 5.500 espécies descritas, das quais, mais de 2.000 estão registradas para a região Neotropical. Apesar da grande diversidade de tripes existente no Brasil - que engloba quase 10% das espécies do mundo inteiro - há uma lacuna no conhecimento dessa fauna em ambientes naturais e de sua biologia e ecologia. Os poucos estudos já realizados sugerem que a família Asteraceae apresenta uma tisanopterofauna mais rica que as demais e que flores e ramos são utilizados diferencialmente pelas espécies de tripes. Este estudo objetivou contribuir para o levantamento da tisanopterofauna nativa e averiguar a flora explorada por estes insetos, quanto à utilização de flores e ramos e sua ocorrência em Asteraceae e outras famílias. A área de estudo foi o Parque Estadual de Itapuã (PEI), Viamão (50º 50’- 51º 05’W e 30º 20’- 30º 27’ S), RS. Quatro saídas de campo foram realizadas de junho de 2003 a abril de 2004. Foram determinadas três trilhas de aproximadamente 500 m em diferentes tipos de vegetação. As trilhas estabelecidas foram a da praia da Pedreira (TP) (mata baixa e vegetação rupestre), a do morro do Araçá (TA) (vegetação rupestre, vassourais e mata baixa) e a do morro da Grota (TG) (vegetação rupestre, butiazais e vassourais). Cada uma destas foi dividida em quatro subáreas, de igual extensão. A cada saída foram sorteadas duas destas subáreas, nas quais foram amostrados aleatoriamente três indivíduos de Asteraceae e três de qualquer outra família. De cada indivíduo era retirado um ramo com flores (F) e um sem flores (R). Cada ramo escolhido constituiu uma unidade amostral (UA). Para o total de 279 UAs, foram coletados 1.695 indivíduos - 870 adultos (583 ♀ e 287 ♂) e 825 larvas - de 31 espécies de Thysanoptera, em 19 gêneros e três famílias. Os Terebrantia representaram mais de 90% dos adultos e 76% dos imaturos coletados e compreenderam a maioria das espécies (26). Dentre as famílias, a mais rica e abundante foi Thripidae, com 757 indivíduos e 23 espécies. Frankliniella (9 spp.), Heterothrips (3 spp.) e Neohydatothrips (3 spp.), foram os gêneros mais ricos. Frankliniella foi também o mais abundante, perfazendo cerca de 64% do total da amostra. Os tisanópteros mais comuns foram Frankliniella rodeos e Paraleucothrips minusculus Johansen, 1983, com 363 e 92 indivíduos coletados. Os Índices de Shannon-Wiener (H’) e de dominância de Simpson (D) estimados para a tisanopterofauna do PEI foram de 2,19 e 0,211, respectivamente. Foram coletados 690 adultos e 572 larvas de tripes em F, distribuídos em 29 espécies. Já em R foram capturados 180 adultos e 253 imaturos, sendo registradas 22 espécies. O Índice de Shannon-Wiener aponta uma maior diversidade em R (H’ = 2,33) do que em F (H’ = 2,01), pois a dominância foi notadamente maior em F (D = 0,255) do que em R (D = 0,133) devido a grande abundância de Frankliniella spp. nos mesmos. Em 46 das 61 espécies vegetais coletadas foi constatada a presença de tisanópteros. Entre as famílias de plantas com maior número de espécies associadas com tripes, destacam-se Asteraceae (22), Myrtaceae (4) e Rubiaceae (4). Das 31 espécies de tripes identificadas, 19 ocorrem em Asteraceae e quatro foram registradas exclusivamente nesta família. Observou-se diferenças marcantes nos valores de H’ e D entre a tisanopterofauna habitante de asteráceas (H’ = 1,68; D = 0,311) e aquela das demais famílias (H’ = 2,11; D = 0,178)
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