Seismic vulnerability assessment to slight damage based on experimental modal parameters

International audienceThe aim of this paper is to adjust behaviour models for each class of structure for vulnerability assessment by using ambient vibration. A simple model based on frequencies, mode shapes and damping, taken from ambient vibrations, allows computation of the response of the structures and comparison of inter-storey drifts with the limits found in the literature for the slight damage grade, considered here as the limit of elastic behaviour. Two complete methodologies for building fragility curves are proposed: (1) using a multi-degree of freedom system including higher modes and full seismic ground motion, (2) using a single-degree of freedom model considering the fundamental mode f0 of the structure and ground motion displacement response spectra SD(f0). These two methods were applied to the city of Grenoble, where 60 buildings were studied. Fragility curves for slight damage were derived for the various masonry and reinforced concrete classes of buildings. A site-specific earthquake scenario, taking into account local site conditions, was considered, corresponding to an ML=5.5 earthquake at a distance of 15km. The results show the benefits of using experimental models to reduce variability of the slight damage fragility curve. Moreover, by introducing the experimental modal model of the buildings, it is possible to improve seismic risk assessment at an overall scale (the city) or a local scale (the building) for the first damage grade (slight damage). This level of damage, of great interest for moderate seismic prone regions, may contribute to the seismic loss assessment

Développement et analyse du procédé d'injection flexible pour la mise en forme de pièces composites fortement courbées

RÉSUMÉ Les polymères thermodurcissables renforcés par des fibres continues possèdent un potentiel unanimement reconnu pour la conception de pièces structurales à haute performance. Au cours des dernières décennies, ces matériaux composites ont notamment avantageusement remplacé les métaux et alliages dans de nombreuses applications aéronautiques. L’utilisation de tels composites reste en revanche limitée dans le secteur automobile. Les procédés de mise en forme usuels nécessitent des temps de cycle relativement longs qui sont en effet incompatibles avec la production en grande série. L’injection flexible est une nouvelle méthode de mise en forme par injection sur renfort. Ce procédé vise principalement à abaisser le temps de fabrication pour augmenter les cadences de production. Le principe de fonctionnement repose sur l’utilisation d’un outillage dont la géométrie varie au cours du cycle de fabrication. Le procédé fait ainsi intervenir une membrane flexible et un fluide de compaction permettant d’imposer une déformation contrôlée à une des deux parois du moule. L’injection flexible est développée à l’École Polytechnique de Montréal depuis 2003 au sein de la Chaire sur les Composites à Haute Performance. Les travaux déjà réalisés ont démontré le potentiel du procédé en termes de gain de temps et de qualité d’imprégnation pour des géométries simples. Le présent travail de thèse vise à poursuivre le développement en étudiant le cas particulier d’une géométrie fortement courbée. L’objectif général est d’identifier les paramètres de fabrication importants afin de formuler des recommandations pour l’application future du procédé à des pièces réelles. Le projet a été réalisé en trois étapes principales décrites ci-après. Dans un premier temps, un montage expérimental a été mis au point pour fabriquer un panneau rectangulaire en forme de marche d’escalier. Cette étape a notamment nécessité la sélection d’une membrane flexible ainsi que d’une stratégie d’étanchéité adéquate. Par ailleurs, une procédure de préformage utilisant un agent liant thermodurcissable a été développée pour préparer des préformes fibreuses permettant l’implémentation du procédé à la forme géométrique considérée.----------ABSTRACT Thermosetting polymers reinforced by continuous fibers possess a widely recognized potential for the design of advanced primary structures. Over the last decades, these composite materials have notably replaced metallic materials in many aeronautical applications. The use of such high performance composites is however limited in the automotive industry. Because of the relatively long cycle times required, existing processing techniques are indeed not suited for high production volume. Flexible Injection is a recently proposed Liquid Composite Molding process. The main objective of this method is to increase the production rate of thermoset composites by reducing the overall cycle time. During the manufacturing cycle, the process imposes a controlled deformation to one side of the tooling using a flexible membrane and a compaction fluid. Flexible Injection has been under development at École Polytechnique de Montréal within the Chair on high performance composites since 2003. Past work demonstrated the potential of the process to speed up the manufacturing and ensure a good impregnation of the fibers in the case of simple geometries. In an effort to pursue the development, this thesis studies the specific case of strongly curved geometries. The main objective is to identify the key processing parameters in order to formulate appropriate recommendations for future implementation with real industrial components. Three main stages were carried out during the research. Firstly, an experimental setup has been designed to process a rectangular stair-shaped composite panel. This step required adopting an adequate sealing strategy and selecting an appropriate material for the flexible membrane. Furthermore, a preforming procedure was specially devised to prepare semi-rigid fibrous preforms suited for the desired geometry. The developed methodology was applied to produce a first series of parts out of vinyl ester resin and multiaxial glass fiber fabric. Longitudinal cross-sections of the fabricated specimens were then inspected visually and treated by image analysis to assess the quality of the processing. Results show that the process provides a uniform consolidation of the flat sections along any direction

A set of Eurocode 8-compatible synthetic time-series as input to dynamic analysis

International audienceNon-linear dynamic analysis of existing or planned structures often requires the use of accelerograms that match a target design spectrum. Here, our main concern is to generate a set of motions with a good level of fit to the Eurocode 8 (EC8) design spectra for France. Synthetic time series are generated by means of a non-stationary stochastic method. To calibrate the distributions of various strong-motion parameters, we first select a reference set of accelerograms for a type B site category from the PEER Ground-Motion Database, which are then adjusted to the target spectrum through wavelet addition. Finally, we analyse non-linear seismic responses of a soil column including pore pressure effects and ductile structures using these records, revealing considerable variability despite the similarities in terms of spectral acceleration

Increase in Tomato Locule Number Is Controlled by Two Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Located

In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit, the number of locules (cavities containing seeds that are derived from carpels) varies from two to up to 10 or more. Locule number affects fruit shape and size and is controlled by several quantitative trait loci(QTLs). The large majority of the phenotypic variation is explained by two of these QTLs, fasciated (fas) and locule number (lc), that interact epistatically with one another. FAS has been cloned, and mutations in the gene are described as key factors leading to the increase in fruit size in modern varieties. Here, we report the map-based cloning of lc. The lc QTL includes a 1,600-bp region that is located 1,080 bp from the 3# end of WUSCHEL, which encodes a homeodomain protein that regulates stem cell fate in plants. The molecular evolution of lc showed a reduction of diversity in cultivated accessions with the exception of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms. These two single-nucleotide polymorphisms were shown to be responsible for the increase in locule number. An evolutionary model of locule number is proposed herein, suggesting that the fas mutation appeared after the mutation in the lc locus to confer the extreme high-locule-number phenotype

A dimensionless characteristic number for process selection and mold design in composites manufacturing : part I — theory

ABSTRACT: The present article introduces a dimensionless number devised to assist composite engineers in the fabrication of continuous fiber composites by Liquid Composite Molding (LCM), i.e., by injecting a liquid polymer resin through a fibrous reinforcement contained in a closed mold. This dimensionless number is calculated by integrating the ratio of the injection pressure to the liquid viscosity over the cavity filling time. It is hereby called the “injectability number” and provides an evaluation of the difficulty to inject a liquid into a porous material for a given part geometry, permeability distribution, and position of the inlet gate. The theoretical aspects behind this new concept are analyzed in Part I of the article, which demonstrates the invariance of the injectability number with respect to process parameters like constant and varying injection pressure or flow rate. Part I also details how process engineers can use the injectability number to address challenges in composite fabrication, such as process selection, mold design, and parameter optimization. Thanks to the injectability number, the optimal position of the inlet gate can be assessed and injection parameters scaled to speed up mold design. Part II of the article completes the demonstration of the novel concept by applying it to a series of LCM process examples of increasing complexity

An analysis of mental workload and psychological stress in pilots during actual flight using heart rate and subjective measurements

We explored in the same study the two concepts of mental workload and psychological stress and their relationships with piloting activity and heart rate in low experienced pilots. Three low experienced pilots (3 males) performed 12 real flights in visual condition (lasting approximately 60 min) with a single engine piston Socata TB-20. Results revealed higher mental workload and stress levels for take-off and landing in comparison to other flight segments. Cardiovascular measurements revealed consistent result as the highest heart rate responses (in comparison to a resting heart rate baseline) occurred during take-off (+45.23%) and landing (+29.90%). We also found a significant positive correlation between heart rate and mental workload/stress levels. In addition, mental workload and psychological stress levels during the various flight segments were positively correlated. With the exception of a positive correlation between mental workload and flight performances during the cruise segment only, we were not able to uncover tangible results regarding the relationship between workload/stress, heart rate and flight performances. This latter aspect is discussed in relation to the Yerkes-Dodson law

New Topoisomerase I mutations are associated with resistance to camptothecin

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Topoisomerase I (TOP1) is a nuclear enzyme that catalyzes the relaxation of supercoiled DNA during DNA replication and transcription. TOP1 is the molecular target of camptothecin and related drugs such as irinotecan and SN38 (irinotecan's active metabolite). Irinotecan is widely used as an anti-cancer agent in the treatment of metastatic colon cancer. However, its efficacy is often limited by the development of resistance.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We previously established several SN38 resistant HCT116-derived clones to study the mechanisms underlying resistance to SN38. Here, we investigated whether resistance to SN38 in these cell lines could be linked to the presence of <it>TOP1 </it>mutations and changes in its expression and activity. Functional analyses were performed on these cell lines challenged with SN38 and we specifically monitored the double strands breaks with γH2AX staining and replication activity with molecular combing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In SN38 resistant HCT116 clones we identified three new <it>TOP1 </it>mutations, which are located in the core subdomain III (p.R621H and p.L617I) and in the linker domain (p.E710G) and are packed together at the interface between these two domains. The presence of these <it>TOP1 </it>mutations in SN38 resistant HCT116 cells did not modify TOP1 expression or intrinsic activity. Conversely, following challenge with SN38, we observed a decrease of TOP1-DNA cleavage complexes and a reduction in double-stranded break formation). In addition, we showed that SN38 resistant HCT116 cells present a strong decrease in the SN38-dependent asymmetry of replication forks that is characteristic of SN38 sensitive HCT116 cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results indicate that the <it>TOP1 </it>mutations are involved in the development of SN38 resistance. We hypothesize that p.L617, p.R621 and p.E710 TOP1 residues are important for the functionality of the linker and that mutation of one of these residues is sufficient to alter or modulate its flexibility. Consequently, linker fluctuations could have an impact on SN38 binding by reducing the enzyme affinity for the drug.</p

Ecological corridors homogenize plant root endospheric mycobiota

Ecological corridors promote species coexistence in fragmented habitats where dispersal limits species fluxes. The corridor concept was developed and investigated with macroorganisms in mind, while microorganisms, the invisible majority of biodiversity, were disregarded. We analyzed the effect of corridors on the dynamics of endospheric fungal assemblages associated with plant roots at the scale of 1 m over 2 years (i.e. at five time points) by combining an experimental corridor-mesocosm with high-throughput amplicon sequencing. We showed that plant root endospheric mycobiota were sensitive to corridor effects when the corridors were set up at a small spatial scale. The endospheric mycobiota of connected plants had higher species richness, lower beta-diversity, and more deterministic assembly than the mycobiota of isolated plants. These effects became more pronounced with the development of host plants. Biotic corridors composed of host plants may thus play a key role in the spatial dynamics of microbial communities and may influence microbial diversity and related ecological functions

Population genetics of Glossina palpalis palpalis from central African sleeping sickness foci

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Glossina palpalis palpalis </it>(Diptera: Glossinidae) is widespread in west Africa, and is the main vector of sleeping sickness in Cameroon as well as in the Bas Congo Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, little is known on the structure of its populations. We investigated <it>G. p. palpalis </it>population genetic structure in five sleeping sickness foci (four in Cameroon, one in Democratic Republic of Congo) using eight microsatellite DNA markers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A strong isolation by distance explains most of the population structure observed in our sampling sites of Cameroon and DRC. The populations here are composed of panmictic subpopulations occupying fairly wide zones with a very strong isolation by distance. Effective population sizes are probably between 20 and 300 individuals and if we assume densities between 120 and 2000 individuals per km², dispersal distance between reproducing adults and their parents extends between 60 and 300 meters.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This first investigation of population genetic structure of <it>G. p. palpalis </it>in Central Africa has evidenced random mating subpopulations over fairly large areas and is thus at variance with that found in West African populations of <it>G. p. palpalis</it>. This study brings new information on the isolation by distance at a macrogeographic scale which in turn brings useful information on how to organise regional tsetse control. Future investigations should be directed at temporal sampling to have more accurate measures of demographic parameters in order to help vector control decision.</p