12 research outputs found

    Un EIAH au service de l'homogénéisation d'un Examen Clinique Objectif Structuré (Journées des ESPE d'Occitanie, Narbonne, 01/06/17-02/06/17)

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    International audienceDans le cadre de la rĂ©forme des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales, une nouvelle modalitĂ© d'Ă©valuation sous forme d'un Examen Clinique Objectif StructurĂ© (ECOS) a Ă©tĂ© mise en place pour les Ă©tudiants de 6Ăšme annĂ©e de l'UFR de mĂ©decine de Toulouse Purpan. L'examen a concernĂ© 134 Ă©tudiants en FĂ©vrier 2017 qui sont passĂ©s successivement sur 7 stations pour ĂȘtre Ă©valuĂ©s notamment sur la rĂ©alisation d'une observation mĂ©dicale avec examen clinique et formulation des hypothĂšses. La communication mĂ©decin / patient Ă©tait Ă©galement au centre des prĂ©occupations avec 2 stations faisant intervenir des comĂ©diens jouant le rĂŽle de patients standardisĂ©s. L'EIAH mis en place a permis de collecter sous forme de traces brutes un ensemble d'observĂ©s dĂ©finis pour chaque station. Les rĂ©sultats sont saisis avec des Ă©quipements informatiques et des connexions rĂ©seaux trĂšs hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. Une fois collectĂ©es, les traces sont modĂ©lisĂ©es, puis des algorithmes de calculs sont mis en place pour produire des indicateurs (Djouad, 2013). La rĂ©ussite Ă  l'examen a ainsi pu ĂȘtre diffusĂ©e aux candidats beaucoup plus rapidement que l'annĂ©e prĂ©cĂ©dente en Ă©vitant un traitement manuel et potentiellement source d'erreurs. L'EIAH a Ă©galement permis de collecter l'avis des Ă©tudiants, des enseignants ainsi que des acteurs au travers de questionnaires qui leur Ă©taient dĂ©diĂ©s. Ainsi, nous avons pu dĂ©montrer que la station dite « d'annonce » au cours duquel une pathologie doit ĂȘtre annoncĂ©e au patient standardisĂ© Ă©tait perçue comme Ă©tant la plus difficile par les Ă©tudiants. Le savoir ĂȘtre mis en jeu dans la relation soignant-patient est en effet un domaine encore peu enseignĂ© au cours des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales, et qui est plus particuliĂšrement mis Ă  l'Ă©preuve dans de tels contextes. L'EIAH permet Ă©galement une analyse statistique et docimologique des rĂ©sultats (Dessus, 2016) dans l'objectif d'amĂ©liorer le dispositif d'Ă©valuation pour les futures sessions. Le but n'est pas ici de favoriser les critĂšres discriminants (il ne s'agit pas de reproduire la logique « concours » du PACES ou de l'ECN) mais au contraire de veiller Ă  l'homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des grilles d'Ă©valuation (coefficient d'homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© interne, alpha de Cronbach > 0.7). Les coefficients de corrĂ©lations calculĂ©s entre les rĂ©sultats des grilles d'une station donnĂ©e et les rĂ©sultats des grilles des autres stations restent faibles (entre 0.22 et 0.36) justifiant l'intĂ©rĂȘt de chaque station. Le coefficient de corrĂ©lation entre les rĂ©sultats Ă  l'ECOS et les rĂ©sultats de l'UE d'enseignements thĂ©oriques de 6Ăšme annĂ©e est Ă©galement faible (0.40 en 2016 ; 0.39 en 2017) justifiant l'intĂ©rĂȘt de l'ECOS par rapport aux modalitĂ©s d'Ă©valuation classiques existantes. En perspectives, les rĂ©sultats calculĂ©s justifient le renforcement de la formation liĂ©e Ă  la communication mĂ©dicale avec la crĂ©ation prochaine d'un SPOC dĂ©diĂ© Ă  la relation mĂ©decin/patient. La rĂ©ussite Ă  l'ECOS permettant de valider le certificat de compĂ©tences cliniques, il s'agit Ă©galement d'articuler de façon renforcĂ©e les modalitĂ©s d'Ă©valuation et les compĂ©tences gĂ©nĂ©riques dĂ©finies dans le BO du 16 Mai 2013. Dans un second temps, l'EIAH doit permettre de mesurer la progression des compĂ©tences acquises en cours de formation et de contribuer Ă  la rĂ©ingĂ©nierie pĂ©dagogique

    Équiper et Ă©valuer un « certificat de compĂ©tences cliniques »

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    This paper presents the results of the study of the implementation of a clinical aptitude certificate through the design and implementation of an IT environment. This IT environment aims on the one hand to equip this examination, and on the other hand to conduct a reflexive approach concerning it. The students' results in this examination show no redundancy with those of the ranking tests typical of this training program. By comparing student feedback through anonymous questionnaires and the study of the training system itself, we question the underlying approach to skills in general and relational skills in particular.Cet article prĂ©sente les rĂ©sultats de l’étude de la mise en place d’un certificat de compĂ©tences cliniques Ă  travers la conception et la mise en oeuvre d’un environnement informatique. Cet environnement informatique vise, d’une part, Ă  Ă©quiper cet examen et, d’autre part, Ă  mener une dĂ©marche rĂ©flexive le concernant. Les rĂ©sultats des Ă©tudiants Ă  cet examen montrent l’absence de redondance avec ceux des Ă©preuves classantes typiques de ce parcours de formation. En confrontant les retours des Ă©tudiants au travers de questionnaires anonymes et l’étude du dispositif de formation lui-mĂȘme, nous interrogeons l’approche qui le sous-tend concernant les compĂ©tences en gĂ©nĂ©ral et les compĂ©tences relationnelles en particulier.Catteau Olivier, MayĂšre Anne, Savy Nicolas, Rauzy Beyne Odile. Équiper et Ă©valuer un « certificat de compĂ©tences cliniques ». In: Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication pour l'Éducation et la Formation, volume 27 n°in, 2020. NumĂ©ro spĂ©cial : SĂ©lection de la confĂ©rence EIAH 2019. pp. 103-130

    Équiper et Ă©valuer un « certificat de compĂ©tences cliniques »

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    International audienceCet article prĂ©sente les rĂ©sultats de l’étude de la mise en place d’un certificat de compĂ©tences cliniques Ă  travers la conception et la mise en Ɠuvre d’un environnement informatique. Cet environnement informatique vise,d’une part,Ă  Ă©quiper cet examen et,d’autre part,Ă  mener une dĂ©marche rĂ©flexive le concernant. Les rĂ©sultats des Ă©tudiants Ă  cet examen montrent l’absence de redondance avec ceux des Ă©preuves classantes typiques de ce parcours de formation. En confrontant les retours des Ă©tudiants au travers de questionnaires anonymes et l’étude du dispositif de formation lui-mĂȘme, nous interrogeons l’approche qui le sous-tend concernant les compĂ©tences en gĂ©nĂ©ral et les compĂ©tences relationnelles en particulier

    Dispositif d'évaluation pour un certificat d'aptitudes cliniques : quelles mesures pour quelles compétences ?

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    International audienceCette communication prĂ©sente les premiers rĂ©sultats de l'Ă©tude de la mise en place d'un certificat d'aptitude clinique Ă  travers la conception et la mise en oeuvre d'un environnement informatique. Cet environnement informatique vise d'une part Ă  Ă©quiper cet examen, et d'autre part Ă  mener une dĂ©marche rĂ©flexive le concernant. Les rĂ©sultats des Ă©tudiants Ă  cet examen montrent une non redondance avec ceux des Ă©preuves classantes typiques de ce parcours de formation. En confrontant les retours des Ă©tudiants au travers de questionnaires anonymes et l'Ă©tude du dispositif de formation lui-mĂȘme, nous interrogeons l'approche qui le sous-tend concernant les compĂ©tences en gĂ©nĂ©ral, et les compĂ©tences relationnelles en particulier

    Impact of confinement and food access restriction on the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus, L.) during caging: a multi-biomarker approach

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    Caging is an active biomonitoring strategy that employs a sentinel species, sometimes a species naturally absent from the studied site, in the surveillance of water bodies to verify whether biota may be at risk. The main advantage of caging is the possibility to standardize several biotic and abiotic parameters. However, little knowledge is available about the effects of confinement on physiology and metabolism of caged organisms. The aim of this study is to characterize confinement and food access restriction effects, induced via caging experiments using a multi-biomarker approach (biometric data, immunity, antioxidant, metabolic detoxication, and digestive enzymes). The study has been undertaken using the same experiment conducted in ecosystem conditions using three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) during two different periods: one in April, corresponding to breeding season, and the other in October, outside breeding season. Fifteen fish were maintained for 21 days in different conditions (caged or uncaged and with or without food supply). The main result was that confinement stress had little impact on the biological markers of sticklebacks. However, the stressors seemed to increase the negative effects of food restriction on these biomarkers, when sticklebacks needed more energy, that is, during their breeding period. Outside breeding period, most investigated biomarkers were not impacted by caging. This study showed a way to specify the conditions of application and interpretation of biomarkers during active monitoring to ensure an effective, reliable diagnosis of water body quality

    Integrative biomarker response - Threshold (IBR-T): Refinement of IBRv2 to consider the reference and threshold values of biomarkers

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    International audienceThe Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) is one of the most used index in biomonitoring, especially the IBRv2 integrating a reference condition. However, some limitations remain for its routine and large-scale use. The IBRv2 is proportional to the total number of biomarkers, is dependent on the nature of biomarkers and considers all biomarkers modulations, even small and biologically non-significant. In addition, IBRv2 relies on reference values but the references are often different between each study, making it difficult to compare results between studies and/or campaigns. To overcome these limitations, the present work proposed a new index called IBR-T (“Integrated Biomarker Response – Threshold”) which considers the threshold values of biomarkers by limiting the calculation of the IBR value to biomarkers with significant modulations. The IBRv2 and the IBR-T were calculated and compared on four datasets from active biomonitoring campaigns using Dreissena polymorpha, a bivalve widely used in freshwater biomonitoring studies. The comparison between indices has demonstrated that the IBR-T presents a better correlation (0.907 < r2 < 0.998) with the percentage of biomarkers significantly modulated than the IBRv2 (0.002 < r2 < 0.759). The IBRv2 could not be equal to 0 (0.915 < intercept <1.694) because the value was dependent on the total number of biomarkers, whereas the IBR-T reached 0 when no biomarker was significantly modulated, which appears more biologically relevant. The final ranking of sites was different between the two index and the IBR-T ranking tends to be more ecologically relevant that the IBRv2 ranking. This IBR-T have shown an undeniable interest for biomonitoring and could be used by environmental managers to simplify the interpretation of large datasets, directly interpret the contamination status of the site, use it to decision-making, and finally to easily communicate the results of biomonitoring studies to the general public

    Effects of chronic exposure to a pharmaceutical mixture on the three-spined stickleback (gasterosteus aculeatus) population dynamics in lotic mesocosms

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    Pharmaceutical substances are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and their concentration levels typically range from ng/L up to several ÎŒg/L. Furthermore, as those compounds are designed to be highly biologically active, assessing their impacts on non-target organisms is important. Here, we conducted a mesocosm experiment testing a mixture of five pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, carbamazepine, irbesartan, acetaminophen and naproxen) on fish, three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). The mixture concentration levels were chosen on the basis of the contamination of the Meuse river in Belgium which had been measured previously during a monitoring campaign undertaken in 2015 and 2016. Three nominal mixture concentration levels were tested: the lowest concentration level mixture was composed by environmentally-relevant concentrations that approximate average realistic values for each pharmaceuticals (Mx1); the two other levels were 10 and 100 times these concentrations. Although no impact on stickleback prey was observed, the mixture significantly impaired the survival of female fish introduced in the mesocosms at the highest treatment level without causing other major differences on fish population structure. Impacts on condition factors of adults and juveniles were also observed at both individual and population levels. Using a modelling approach with an individual-based model coupled to a bioenergetic model (DEB-IBM), we concluded that chronic exposure to environmentally-relevant concentrations of five pharmaceuticals often detected in the rivers did not appear to strongly affect the three-spined stickleback populations. Mechanisms of population regulation may have counteracted the mixture impacts in the mesocosms

    Interest of a multispecies approach in active biomonitoring: Application in the Meuse watershed

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    International audienceA biomonitoring approach based on a single model species cannot be representative of the contaminations impacts on the ecosystem overall. As part of the Interreg DIADeM program (“Development of an integrated approach for the diagnosis of the water quality of the River Meuse”), a study was conducted to establish the proof of concept that the use of a multispecies active biomonitoring approach improves diagnostic of aquatic systems. The complementarity of the biomarker responses was tested in four model species belonging to various ecological compartments: the bryophyte Fontinalis antipyretica, the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha, the amphipod Gammarus fossarum and the fish Gasterosteus aculeatus. The species have been caged upstream and downstream from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Meuse watershed. After the exposure, a battery of biomarkers was measured and results were compiled in an Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) for each species. A multispecies IBR value was then proposed to assess the quality of the receiving environment upstream the WWTPs. The effluent toxicity was variable according to the caged species and the WWTP. However, the calculated IBR were high for all species and upstream sites, suggesting that the water quality was already downgraded upstream the WWTP. This contamination of the receiving environment was confirmed by the multispecies IBR which has allowed to rank the rivers from the less to the most contaminated. This study has demonstrated the interest of the IBR in the assessment of biological impacts of a point-source contamination (WWTP effluent) but also of the receiving environment, thanks to the use of independent references. Moreover, this study has highlighted the complementarity between the different species and has emphasized the interest of this multispecies approach to consider the variability of the species exposition pathway and sensibility as well as the mechanism of contaminants toxicity in the final diagnosis
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