L’épopée médiévale comme référence dans les mouvements militants de l’Inde du Nord : la mobilisation de la geste d’Alha-Udal

Jusqu’à présent, l’épopée indienne d’Alha-Udal a été abordée sous l’angle de la performance et de la circulation des répertoires. Or lorsqu’on s’interroge sur le patronage dont cette épopée a bénéficié, l’identité de ses interprètes et les circonstances de sa récitation, on remarque qu’entre la période médiévale dont ce texte émane et nos jours, l’usage qu’il en est fait a considérablement évolué. Loin de conforter les valeurs de la société rajput qui l’a produite, elle garde ses distances avec le modèle féodal de prestige, pour constamment éprouver la validité du culte de l’honneur guerrier. À travers l’exemple de quatre épisodes significatifs, cet article tente de mesurer la nature du « travail épique » qui permet de faire de cette épopée médiévale une référence mobilisée à chacune des étapes charnières de l’histoire du Bihar.Until now, the Indian epic of Alha-Udal was analyzed through its performance dimension and in relation to the question of the circulation of texts. But when one considers the patronage this epic has benefited from, the identity of its singers and the circumstances of its interpretation, one realizes that the use made of this text has often changed. Instead of legitimating the values of the Rajput society which produced it, the epic remains at a distance from the feudal mode of prestige, and prefers to constantly test the validity of the Rajput code of chivalry. This article endeavours to evaluate the nature of the “epic works” which enables us to understand how this medieval epic became a text of reference mobilized through each transition-period in the history of Bihar

Indian Folk Music and ‘Tropical Body Language’: The Case of Mauritian Chutney

In Mauritius, the meeting between Indian worlds and Creole worlds, through the migration of the indentured labour which followed the abolition of slavery in 1834, gave birth to a style of music called ‘chutney’. As a result of the African influence on an Indian folk genre, chutney music embodies the transformation of a music for listening into a music for dancing. In this article, the innovations brought into the choreographical dimension of the chutney groups will be taken as a key to understanding the adaptation of Indian rural migrants to a new ‘Indian-oceanic’ way of life through the experience of diaspora

Anne Castaing, Lise Guilhamon & Laetitia Zecchini (eds.), La modernité littéraire indienne : Perspectives postcoloniales

On the occasion of the launching of the French translation of Homi Bhabha’s essay, The Location of Culture (1994) (Les lieux de la culture), the journalist Jean Birnbaum sharply criticized postcolonial studies in France for their late and ‘muddled’ start and the more narrow approach compared to the ‘Anglo-Saxon’ school (Le Monde, 23 March 2007). Birnbaum’s criticism appears doubly unfounded: not only he fails to recognize the originality of French studies in this field of scholarship, he comp..

« Black Waters » et « Black Atlantic »

À partir d’une étude de diaspora indienne, cet article vise à interroger le « teint » des productions musicales à travers deux expériences de confrontation aux mondes européen et africain, l’un dans le contexte de l’engagisme, le chutney mauricien, l’autre dans le contexte du postcolonialisme, le bhangrâ. Tout en faisant un parallèle entre le « Black Atlantic » de Gilroy et la traversée des Eaux noires (« Black Waters » ou « Kala Pani ») par les engagés indiens du XIXe siècle, il s’agira dans un premier temps de déceler les représentations de ces musiques qui offrent l’exemple de « la trace noire », selon l’expression de Luigi Elongui. Dans un deuxième temps, nous questionnerons le rapport ambigu au monde noir en général, et à la musique venue d’Afrique, en particulier, de ces musiques à danser. Cependant, dans le cas du chutney comme dans celui du bhangrâ, ce rapport est faussé. Pour l’un, parce qu’une revanche à prendre sur le passé colonial entraîne un désir de survalorisation de l’indianité, une concurrence avec le champ musical du séga qui surgit au niveau des industries culturelles, et un ensemble de préjugés attachés aux valeurs créoles par l’élite urbaine indo-mauricienne. Pour l’autre, parce que le bhangrâ ne se réclame d’aucune filiation avec la musique noire, mais pourtant génère des reformulations souvent inédites d’emprunt au continent noir. Dans ces conditions, comment évaluer la reconnaissance implicite ou explicite de cette trace noire ? Comment est-elle compatible avec un désir d’ancrage dans une nouvelle territorialité ? Les récits de vie et les parcours des musiciens, les commentaires de presse émis à l’occasion des festivals de musique permettent de saisir les positions et les contradictions.Starting from a study of Indian diaspora, this article aims at questioning the “colour” of musical productions resulting from encounters with European and African worlds, the first one in the context of Indenture, chutney music of Mauritius, the second one in the Postcolonial context, bhangrâ music. While establishing a parallel between Gilroy’s Black Atlantic and the Black Waters or Kala Pani feared by the Indian indentured labourers, we shall first attempt to identify the representations of these musical forms which borrow from “the black track” according to Luigi Elongi’s formula. Then, we shall endeavour to analyze the way they perceive the Black world in general, and the music coming from Africa in particular. Yet, in the case of chutney as well as bhangrâ, this perception is distorted. Regarding chutney, the need of revenge on the colonial past led to the overvalue of indianity. In this musical field, a spirit of competition with the sega singers, noticeable in the development of cultural industries, and a lot of prejudice attached to creole values by the indo-maurician urban elite, obstructs the scene. Regarding bhangrâ, this style does not claim from any filiations with Black music, and yet generates new reformulations often borrowed from the Black continent. In these conditions, how to evaluate the implicit or explicit recognition of the “black track”? How is it compatible with a desire to anchor in a new territory? The path of the musicians, their life stories, the press comments published on the occasion of music festivals will enable to enlighten us about the positions and the contradictions

Context-induced Contrast and Assimilation in Judging Supportiveness

Social support research increasingly draws from research on social cognition. Most of this research has studied assimilation and chronically accessible (i.e., frequently activated) social support constructs. This article presents three studies, in both laboratory and treatment settings, on context-induced contrast and assimilation in support judgments. In each study, participants exposed to positive social contexts subsequently rated supportive stimuli more negatively than participants exposed to negative social contexts. These effects were observed in ratings of participants’ own social networks, the social climate of a residential treatment environment, and a videotaped supportive interaction. In two studies, negative contexts also were associated with increased negative affect and affect-related assimilation. That is, participants with more negative affect rated social environments more negatively than participants with less negative emotion. In some circumstances, context- induced contrast and assimilation counteracted each other. These effects have implications for social support interventions

The cuticle mutant eca2 modifies plant defense responses to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens and herbivory insects

We isolated previously several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with constitutive expression of the early microbe-associated molecular pattern–induced gene ATL2, named eca (expresión constitutiva de ATL2). Here, we further explored the interaction of eca mutants with pest and pathogens. Of all eca mutants, eca2 was more resistant to a fungal pathogen (Botrytis cinerea) and a bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae) as well as to a generalist herbivorous insect (Spodoptera littoralis). Permeability of the cuticle is increased in eca2; chemical characterization shows that eca2 has a significant reduction of both cuticular wax and cutin. Additionally, we determined that eca2 did not display a similar compensatory transcriptional response, compared with a previously characterized cuticular mutant, and that resistance to B. cinerea is mediated by the priming of the early and late induced defense responses, including salicylic acid– and jasmonic acid–induced genes. These results suggest that ECA2-dependent responses are involved in the nonhost defense mechanism against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens and against a generalist insect by modulation and priming of innate immunity and late defense responses. Making eca2 an interesting model to characterize the molecular basis for plant defenses against different biotic interactions and to study the initial events that take place in the cuticle surface of the aerial organs

Optimising the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit to Improve Quality of Care:Expert Recommendations

INTRODUCTION: The best care setting for patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] may be in a dedicated unit. Whereas not all gastroenterology units have the same resources to develop dedicated IBD facilities and services, there are steps that can be taken by any unit to optimise patients' access to interdisciplinary expert care. A series of pragmatic recommendations relating to IBD unit optimisation have been developed through discussion among a large panel of international experts.METHODS: Suggested recommendations were extracted through systematic search of published evidence and structured requests for expert opinion. Physicians [n = 238] identified as IBD specialists by publications or clinical focus on IBD were invited for discussion and recommendation modification [Barcelona, Spain; 2014]. Final recommendations were voted on by the group. Participants also completed an online survey to evaluate their own experience related to IBD units.RESULTS: A total of 60% of attendees completed the survey, with 15% self-classifying their centre as a dedicated IBD unit. Only half of respondents indicated that they had a defined IBD treatment algorithm in place. Key recommendations included the need to develop a multidisciplinary team covering specifically-defined specialist expertise in IBD, to instil processes that facilitate cross-functional communication and to invest in shared care models of IBD management.CONCLUSIONS: Optimising the setup of IBD units will require progressive leadership and willingness to challenge the status quo in order to provide better quality of care for our patients. IBD units are an important step towards harmonising care for IBD across Europe and for establishing standards for disease management programmes.</p

Extensive NEUROG3 occupancy in the human pancreatic endocrine gene regulatory network.

OBJECTIVE: Mice lacking the bHLH transcription factor (TF) Neurog3 do not form pancreatic islet cells, including insulin-secreting beta cells, the absence of which leads to diabetes. In humans, homozygous mutations of NEUROG3 manifest with neonatal or childhood diabetes. Despite this critical role in islet cell development, the precise function of and downstream genetic programs regulated directly by NEUROG3 remain elusive. Therefore, we mapped genome-wide NEUROG3 occupancy in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived endocrine progenitors and determined NEUROG3 dependency of associated genes to uncover direct targets. METHODS: We generated a novel hiPSC line (NEUROG3-HA-P2A-Venus) where NEUROG3 is HA-tagged and fused to a self-cleaving fluorescent VENUS reporter. We used the CUT&RUN technique to map NEUROG3 occupancy and epigenetic marks in pancreatic endocrine progenitors (PEP) that were differentiated from this hiPSC line. We integrated NEUROG3 occupancy data with chromatin status and gene expression in PEPs as well as their NEUROG3-dependence. In addition, we investigated whether NEUROG3 binds type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-associated variants at the PEP stage. RESULTS: CUT&RUN revealed a total of 863 NEUROG3 binding sites assigned to 1263 unique genes. NEUROG3 occupancy was found at promoters as well as at distant cis-regulatory elements that frequently overlapped within PEP active enhancers. De novo motif analyses defined a NEUROG3 consensus binding motif and suggested potential co-regulation of NEUROG3 target genes by FOXA or RFX transcription factors. We found that 22% of the genes downregulated in NEUROG3-/- PEPs, and 10% of genes enriched in NEUROG3-Venus positive endocrine cells were bound by NEUROG3 and thus likely to be directly regulated. NEUROG3 binds to 138 transcription factor genes, some with important roles in islet cell development or function, such as NEUROD1, PAX4, NKX2-2, SOX4, MLXIPL, LMX1B, RFX3, and NEUROG3 itself, and many others with unknown islet function. Unexpectedly, we uncovered that NEUROG3 targets genes critical for insulin secretion in beta cells (e.g., GCK, ABCC8/KCNJ11, CACNA1A, CHGA, SCG2, SLC30A8, and PCSK1). Thus, analysis of NEUROG3 occupancy suggests that the transient expression of NEUROG3 not only promotes islet destiny in uncommitted pancreatic progenitors, but could also initiate endocrine programs essential for beta cell function. Lastly, we identified eight T2DM risk SNPs within NEUROG3-bound regions. CONCLUSION: Mapping NEUROG3 genome occupancy in PEPs uncovered unexpectedly broad, direct control of the endocrine genes, raising novel hypotheses on how this master regulator controls islet and beta cell differentiation