3,459 research outputs found

    Impacts of vessel capacity reduction programs on the efficiency in fisheries. The case of Australia's multispecies in northern prawn fishery

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    Capacity reduction programs in the form of buybacks or decommissioning programs have had relatively widespread application in fisheries in the US, Europe and Australia. A common criticism of such programs is that they remove the least efficient vessels first, resulting in an increase in average efficiency of the remaining fleet. The effective fishing power of the fleet, therefore, does not decrease in proportion to the number of vessels removed. Further, reduced crowding may increase efficiency of the remaining vessels. In this paper, the effects of a buyback program on average technical efficiency in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery are examined using a multi-output distance function approach with an explicit inefficiency model. The results indicate that average efficiency of the remaining vessels was greater than that of the removed vessels, and that average efficiency of remaining vessels also increased as a result of reduced crowding

    Solar wind turbulent spectrum at plasma kinetic scales

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    The description of the turbulent spectrum of magnetic fluctuations in the solar wind in the kinetic range of scales is not yet completely established. Here, we perform a statistical study of 100 spectra measured by the STAFF instrument on the Cluster mission, which allows to resolve turbulent fluctuations from ion scales down to a fraction of electron scales, i.e. from ∌102\sim 10^2 km to ∌300\sim 300 m. We show that for k⊄ρe∈[0.03,3]k_{\perp}\rho_e \in[0.03,3] (that corresponds approximately to the frequency in the spacecraft frame f∈[3,300]f\in [3,300] Hz), all the observed spectra can be described by a general law E(k⊄)∝k⊄−8/3exp⁥(−k⊄ρe)E(k_\perp)\propto k_\perp^{-8/3}\exp{(-k_\perp \rho_e)}, where k⊄k_{\perp} is the wave-vector component normal to the background magnetic field and ρe\rho_e the electron Larmor radius. This exponential tail found in the solar wind seems compatible with the Landau damping of magnetic fluctuations onto electrons.Comment: published in APJ, 15 of November 2012 (with reduced "Discussion" section

    Spectra and anisotropy of magnetic fluctuations in the Earth's magnetosheath: Cluster observations

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    We investigate the spectral shape, the anisotropy of the wave vector distributions and the anisotropy of the amplitudes of the magnetic fluctuations in the Earth's magnetosheath within a broad range of frequencies. We present the first observations of a Kolmogorov-like inertial range of Alfvenic fluctuations in the magnetosheath flanks, below fci. In the vicinity of fci, a spectral break is observed, like in solar wind turbulence. Above the break, the energy of compressive and Alfvenic fluctuations generally follow a power law with a spectral index between -3 and -2. Concerning the anisotropy of the wave vector distribution, we observe a change in its nature in the vicinity of ion characteristic scales: if at MHD scales there is no evidence for a dominance of a slab (k||>kperp) or 2D (kperp>k||) turbulence, above the spectral break, (f>fci, kc/wpi>1) the 2D turbulence dominates. This 2D turbulence is observed in six selected one-hour intervals among which the average proton beta varies from 0.8 to 9. It is observed for both the transverse and compressive magnetic fluctuations, independently on the presence of linearly unstable modes at low frequencies or Alfven vortices at the spectral break. We then analyse the anisotropy of the magnetic fluctuations in a time dependent reference frame based on the field B and the flow velocity V directions. Within the range of the 2D turbulence, at scales [1,30]kc/wpi, and for any beta we find that the magnetic fluctuations at a given frequency in the plane perpendicular to B have more energy along the BxV direction. This non-gyrotropy of the fluctuations is consistent with gyrotropic fluctuations at a given wave vector, with kperp>k||, which suffer a different Doppler shift along and perpendicular to V in the plane perpendicular to B.Comment: accepted for publication in Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO) at 29/09/200

    Peut-on prendre la mesure du risque silice ? EnquĂȘtes santĂ©, enquĂȘtes travail et outils de veille sanitaire

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    La communication prĂ©sente les champs de recherche, les sources, les mĂ©thodes et quelques premiers rĂ©sultats du projet SILICOSIS pilotĂ© par Paul-AndrĂ© Rosental au Centre d’études europĂ©ennes de Sciences Po, soutenu et financĂ© par le Conseil europĂ©en de la recherche (European Research Council, ERC) pour la pĂ©riode 2012-2017. SILICOSIS est un projet de recherche qui fait collaborer Ă©troitement l’histoire, la mĂ©decine, la statistique, la sociologie et l’épidĂ©miologie. La silicose, pathologie causĂ©e par l’inhalation de silice cristalline, est la maladie professionnelle la plus mortelle de l’histoire (Rosental, 2008, 2013 ; Rosental, Devinck, 2007 ; Carnevale et al., 2012). Elle continue de causer des dĂ©gĂąts sanitaires considĂ©rables en lien avec les activitĂ©s industrielles dans les pays dĂ©veloppĂ©s mais aussi, de maniĂšre croissante, dans les pays Ă©mergents. Les travaux historiques montrent Ă  quel point la silicose doit sa dĂ©finition mĂ©dicale mĂȘme Ă  des nĂ©gociations impliquant, Ă  partir des annĂ©es 1930 et sous l’égide du Bureau international du Travail (BIT), des États, des syndicats d’employeurs et de salariĂ©s, des institutions chargĂ©es de la protection sociale. Ces travaux permettent de mieux comprendre les fondements du sous-repĂ©rage et de la sous-dĂ©claration massifs de cette pathologie, en particulier du fait de confusions diagnostiques avec des maladies non reconnues comme d’origine professionnelle ou industrielle. La communication privilĂ©gie un aspect justifiant le caractĂšre interdisciplinaire du projet : il s’agit d’interroger les classifications mĂ©dicales contemporaines pour rĂ©Ă©valuer la prĂ©valence de la silicose aujourd’hui, en explorant des pistes de recherche qui mettent Ă©galement au jour des mĂ©canismes liĂ©s Ă  l’exposition Ă  la silice cristalline – et pas seulement par voie d’inhalation –, pour un ensemble de pathologies inflammatoires systĂ©miques (Koeger et al., 1995) dont l’étiologie est inconnue et l’épidĂ©miologie hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne. Ces pathologies (sarcoĂŻdose (Vincent, LiĂšvre, 2002), lupus Ă©rythĂ©mateux dissĂ©minĂ© (Parks et al., 2002), sclĂ©rodermie (Haustein, Ziegler, 1985), polyarthrite rhumatoĂŻde par exemple), tout en Ă©tant rares si l’on retient le critĂšre d’une prĂ©valence infĂ©rieure Ă  1/2000, touchent plusieurs dizaines de milliers de personnes en France et sont, pour partie d’entre elles (polyarthrite rhumatoĂŻde, lupus, sclĂ©rodermie), inscrites Ă  la liste des affections de longue durĂ©e (ALD) exonĂ©rantes. À la question : « quelle est la prĂ©valence, d’origine professionnelle ou non, de l’exposition Ă  la silice cristalline, et quelle est la prĂ©valence des pathologies – silicose mais pas seulement – qui en rĂ©sultent ? », aucune source ne fournit le matĂ©riau d’une rĂ©ponse exhaustive ou reprĂ©sentative de la population gĂ©nĂ©rale. C’est notamment ce manque que soulignent les travaux Ă©pidĂ©miologiques et Ă  visĂ©e de surveillance sanitaire qui dĂ©bouchent sur la construction de « matrices emplois-expositions » centrĂ©es sur les expositions professionnelles Ă  l’inhalation de silice cristalline (Delabre et al., 2010 ; Groupe de travail MatgĂ©nĂ©, 2010 ; Luce et al., 2007 ; Luce et al., 2006). L’équipe du projet SILICOSIS se propose de rassembler et de confronter des sources qui, imparfaites ou partiellement aveugles sur la question Ă  traiter, diverses par la nature des donnĂ©es qu’elles fournissent et les mĂ©thodes d’analyse qu’elles mettent en oeuvre, peuvent collaborer de façon dynamique : enquĂȘte statistique et historique sur archives ; travail qualitatif par entretiens et montage d’une enquĂȘte statistique en ligne auprĂšs de mĂ©decins pour Ă©valuer les pratiques diagnostiques et de prise en charge ; recherches mĂ©dicales menĂ©es dans le laboratoire de minĂ©ralopathologie de l’hĂŽpital saint-Joseph-saint Luc de Lyon ; enquĂȘtes statistiques « santĂ© » et « travail » françaises mesurant les liens entre santĂ© et travail sous des angles qui s’ignorent souvent mutuellement (Cavalin & CĂ©lĂ©rier, 2012a) ; donnĂ©es administratives de santĂ©. Celles-ci (donnĂ©es du SystĂšme national d’information inter-rĂ©gimes de l’assurance maladie – SNIIRAM – ou du Programme de mĂ©dicalisation des systĂšmes d’information – PMSI) permettent, au moins Ă  des fins de cadrage et dans un domaine oĂč les prĂ©valences sont faibles, de tester des hypothĂšses sur des Ă©chantillons exhaustifs

    NGO-provided free HIV treatment and services in Burkina Faso: scarcity, therapeutic rationality and unfair process

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    Until 2010, Burkina Faso was an exception to the international trend of abolishing user fees for antiretroviral treatment (ART). Patients were still expected to pay 1,500F CFA (2 Euros) per month for ART. Nevertheless, many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) exempted patients from payment. The objective of this study was to investigate how NGOs selected the beneficiaries of payment exemptions for government-provided ART and rationed out complementary medical and psychosocial services

    Obesity and undernutrition in sub-Saharan African immigrant and refugee children in Victoria, Australia

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    The study assessed the anthropometric status of 337 sub-Saharan African children aged between 3-12 years who migrated to Australia. These children were selected using a snowball sampling method stratified by age, gender and region of origin. The prevalence rates for overweight and obesity were 18.4% (95%CI: 14 - 23%) and 8.6% (95%CI: 6% -12%) respectively. The prevalence rates for the indicators of undernutrition were: wasting 4.3% (95%CI: 1.6%-9.1%), underweight 1.2% (95%CI: 0.3%-3.0%), and stunting 0.3 (95%CI: 0.0%-1.6%). Higher prevalence of overweight/obesity was associated with lower household income level, fewer siblings, lower birth weight, western African background, and single parent households (after controlling for demographic and socio-economic factors). Higher prevalence rates for underweight and wasting were associated with lower household income and shorter lengths of stay in Australia respectively. No effect was found for child\u27s age, gender, parental education and occupation for both obesity and undernutrition indices. In conclusion, obesity and overweight are very prevalent in SSA migrant children and undernutrition, especially wasting, was also not uncommon in this target group

    From the definition of Silicosis at the 1930 Johannesburg conference to the blurred boundaries between pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP)

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    The 1930 International Labour Office Conference on silicosis in Johannesburg identified silicosis by setting a medicolegal framework to its nosology: as with other occupational illnesses, its medical content was fixed under economic pressure. This article follows a reading of all the proceedings of this conference (debates and reports of experts) to examine their potential impact on the etiology and nosology of other diseases, specifically sarcoidosis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), “idiopathic” diseases in which inorganic particles may be involved. We propose renewed study of the role of inorganic particles in these diseases. To do this, we propose to mobilize detection means such as mineralogical analysis and electron microscopy and in depth interviewing that are currently seldom used in France, in order to establish diagnosis and the potential occupational and environmental origin of these diseases

    Canine genetics : its potential in human and veterinary medicine

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    The canine species includes over 350 breeds, all different in terms of phenotype, behaviour and disease susceptibility. However, each breed has an extremely homogeneous phenotype and can be considered as a genetic isolate similar to those used by geneticists to identify genes responsible for complex human diseases. Hereditary diseases in dogs very often have an equivalent in man, and certain rare human diseases, sometimes genetically heterogeneous, are found with a high incidence and high specificity in a given dog breed. Given the real difficulty to recruit informative families to determine the genetic causes of complex diseases, dogs offer an alternative to collect data, from animals seen in consultation, usable to identify morbid or susceptibility genes or alleles. This review shows, with several examples, how the determination of genetic causes of hereditary diseases in dogs has powerful and useful applications in human and veterinary medicine.L'espĂšce canine comporte plus de 350 races, toutes diffĂ©rentes sur le plan phĂ©notypique, comportemental et vis-Ă -vis de la sensibilitĂ© aux maladies. En revanche, chaque race, extrĂȘmement homogĂšne sur le plan phĂ©notypique peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme un isolat gĂ©nĂ©tique semblable Ă  ceux auxquels les gĂ©nĂ©ticiens font appel pour identifier des gĂšnes responsables de maladies complexes chez l'homme. Les affections hĂ©rĂ©ditaires canines ont trĂšs souvent leur Ă©quivalent chez l'Homme avec l'avantage que certaines maladies humaines rares, parfois hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes gĂ©nĂ©tiquement, sĂ©grĂ©gent avec une incidence Ă©levĂ©e et de façon spĂ©cifique dans une race canine donnĂ©e. Face Ă  la difficultĂ© rĂ©elle de recruter chez l'Homme des familles informatives pour dĂ©terminer les causes gĂ©nĂ©tiques des maladies complexes, le chien offre une alternative intĂ©ressante pour constituer, Ă  partir d'animaux vus en consultations, des pedigrees informatifs utilisables pour l'identification de gĂšnes et d'allĂšles morbides ou de prĂ©disposition. Cette revue montre, au travers de quelques exemples, comment la recherche des causes gĂ©nĂ©tiques de maladies hĂ©rĂ©ditaires chez le chien peut ĂȘtre puissante et utile en santĂ© humaine et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire

    Analisis Audio Capture untuk Pengumpulan Data pada Smart Speaker

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    Internet of Things or IoT is a technology that is currently trending, because it can help human in their daily routine. One of the IoT product that used in homes is smart speaker. However, every latest technological innovation does not escape from vulnerabilities and one of them is the microphone on the smart speaker. Several studies and research have found that security vulnerabilities in smart speakers, such as dolphin attacks and audio capture. To find out how this audio capture technique works, an experiment was made to understand how it works and the impact of this technique. This experiment uses a smart speaker with voice assistant Alexa, using the Alexa Skills Kit services and Flask-Ask framework to create an audio capture program. The results of this program testing are expected to be used as a benchmark to prevent smart speakers from becoming the target of this technique anymore.Internet of Things atau IoT adalah sebuah teknologi yang sedang trending saat ini, dari awal kemunculannya yang diminati karena dapat membantu pekerjaan manusia. Produk-produk IoT kini sudah dapat ditemukan dimana saja, termasuk di dalam rumah , salah satunya adalah smart speaker. Akan tetapi, setiap inovasi teknologi terbaru tidak luput dari adanya celah keamanan dan salah satunya adalah mikrofon yang terdapat pada smart speaker. Beberapa penelitian dan riset telah menemukan bahwa celah keamanan pada smart speaker, seperti dolphin attack dan audio capture. Untuk membuktikan cara kerja dari teknik audio capture ini, maka dibuat sebuah penelitian untuk memahami tentang cara kerja dan dampak dari teknik tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan smart speaker dengan voice assistant Alexa, menggunakan layanan Alexa Skills Kit dan framework Flask-Ask untuk membuat program audio capture. Hasil dari pengujian program ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai patokan untuk mencegah agar tidak ada lagi smart speaker menjadi sasaran teknik ini
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