Corporal punishment and youth externalizing behavior in Santiago, Chile

OBJECTIVES: Corporal punishment is still widely practiced around the globe, despite the large body of child development research that substantiates its short- and long-term consequences. Within this context, this paper examined the relationship between parental use of corporal punishment and youth externalizing behavior with a Chilean sample to add to the growing empirical evidence concerning the potential relationship between increased corporal punishment and undesirable youth outcomes across cultures. METHODS: Analysis was based on 919 adolescents in Santiago, Chile. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the extent to which parents' use of corporal punishment and positive family measures were associated with youth externalizing behavior. Furthermore, the associations between self-reported externalizing behavior and infrequent, as well as frequent, use of corporal punishment were investigated to understand how varying levels of parental use of corporal punishment were differently related to youth outcomes. RESULTS: Both mothers' and fathers' use of corporal punishment were associated with greater youth externalizing behavior. Additionally, increases in positive parenting practices, such as parental warmth and family involvement, were met with decreases in youth externalizing behavior when controlling for youth demographics, family socioeconomic status, and parents' use of corporal punishment. Finally, both infrequent and frequent use of corporal punishment were positively associated with higher youth problem behaviors, though frequent corporal punishment had a stronger relationship with externalizing behavior than did infrequent corporal punishment. CONCLUSIONS: Parental use of corporal punishment, even on an occasional basis, is associated with greater externalizing behavior for youth while a warm and involving family environment may protect youth from serious problem behaviors. Therefore, findings of this study add to the growing evidence concerning the negative consequences of corporal punishment for youth outcomes.R01 HD033487 - NICHD NIH HHS; R01 DA021181 - NIDA NIH HH

Relationship between discordance in parental monitoring and behavioral problems among Chilean adolescents

This study investigated the role of discrepancies between parent and youth reports of perceived parental monitoring in adolescent problem behaviors with a Chilean sample (N= 850). Higher levels of discordance concerning parental monitoring predicted greater levels of maladaptive youth behaviors. A positive association between parent-youth discordance and externalizing problems indicated that large adult-youth disagreement in parental monitoring may impose a great risk, despite protective efforts of parental monitoring. Although the direct relationship between parental monitoring and youth internalizing behaviors was not significant, parent-youth incongruence in monitoring was associated with greater levels of internalizing behaviors. Therefore, differing assessments of parental behaviors, as an indicator of less optimal family functioning, may provide important information about youth maladjustment and may potentially provide a beginning point for family-focused intervention.R01 DA021181 - NIDA NIH HHS; R01 DA021181-05 - NIDA NIH HHS; R01 HD033487 - NICHD NIH HH

Predictors of discordance among Chilean families

Parent-youth agreement on parental behaviors can characterize effective parenting. Although discordance in families may be developmentally salient and harmful to youth outcomes, predictors of discordance have been understudied, and existing research in this field has been mostly limited to North American samples. This paper addressed this literature gap by using data from a community-based study of Chilean adolescents. Analysis was based on 1,068 adolescents in Santiago, Chile. The dependent variable was discordance which was measured by the difference between parent and youth’s assessment of parental monitoring. Major independent variables for this study were selected based on previous research findings that underscore youth’s developmental factors, positive parental and familial factors and demographic factors. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the prevalence and associations between youth, parental and familial measures with parent-youth discordance. There was a sizable level of discordance between parent and youth’s report of parental monitoring. Youth’s gender and externalizing behavior were significant predictors of discordance. Warm parenting and family involvement were met with decreases in discordance. The negative interaction coefficients between parental warmth and youth’s gender indicated that positive parental and familial measures have a greater effect on reducing parent-youth discordance among male youths. Results support the significance of positive family interactions in healthy family dynamics. Findings from this study inform the importance of services and interventions for families that aim to reduce youth’s problem behavior and to create a warm and interactive family environment.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4181713/Accepted manuscrip

Implications of free Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages occurring outside bacteria for the evolution and the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli

In this review we highlight recent work that has increased our understanding of the distribution of Shiga toxin-converting phages that can be detected as free phage particles, independently of Shiga toxin-producing bacteria (STEC). Stx phages are a quite diverse group of temperate phages that can be found in their prophage state inserted within the STEC chromosome, but can also be found as phages released from the cell after activation of their lytic cycle. They have been detected in extraintestinal environments such as water polluted with feces from humans or animals, food samples or even in stool samples of healthy individuals. The high persistence of phages to several inactivation conditions makes them suitable candidates for the successful mobilization of stx genes, possibly resulting in the genes reaching a new bacterial genomic background by means of transduction, where ultimately they may be expressed, leading to Stx production. Besides the obvious fact that Stx phages circulating between bacteria can be, and probably are, involved in the emergence of new STEC strains, we review here other possible ways in which free Stx phages could interfere with the detection of STEC in a given sample by current laboratory methods and how to avoid such interference

Asociación del Estado Nutricional del Menor de 5 años con la Edad Materna

Introducción: En Latinoamérica es dificil encontrar información que relacione la edad materna con el estado nutricional de los hijos durante la primera infancia; siendo la desnutrición y el embarazo adolescente de los principales problemas de salud pública en la actualidad. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación del estado nutricional del menor de 5 años y la edad materna. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio Observacional, Retrospectivo, Transversal analítico de Asociación en expedientes clínicos de menores de 5 años de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No.16 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social den estado de Querétaro, el tamaño de muestra se obtuvo con la fórmula para dos proporciones, n=74 por cada grupo, GRUPO 1. Expedientes de menores de 5 años hijos de madre adolescente, con y sin alteraciones del estado nutricional. GRUPO 2.  Expedientes de menores de 5 años hijos de madres adultas, con y sin alteraciones del estado nutricional. Muestreo: no aleatorizado por cuota. Variables: edad, sexo, peso, talla, indice de masa corporal, estado nutricional, edad materna, control prenatal y ocupación. Resultados: mediante un análisis estadístico con media, porcentajes y chi2, de 148 expedientes analizados, hubo predominio del estado nutricional normal (60.1%) de los cuales (50.5%) expedientes fueron el grupo de los hijos de madres adolescentes y el resto de madres adultas, estadísticamente no hay diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos, representado con chi2 de 0.61 y p de 0.89. Conclusión: No se encontró asociación entre el embarazo adolescente y alteraciones del estado nutricio del menor de 5 años.   Introduction: In Latin America it is difficult to find information that relate maternal age to the nutritional status of children during early childhood; undernutrition and teenage pregnancy of children Main public health problems at present. Objective: To determine Association of the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age and maternal age. Methodology: An observational, retrospective, Cross-sectional analysis of Association in clinical records of children under 5 Family Medicine Unit No.16 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security of the state of Queretaro, the sample size was obtained with the formula for two proportions, n=74 for each group, GROUP 1. Records children of a teenage mother, with and without alterations of the nutritional status. GROUP 2. Records of children under 5 adult mothers, with and without alterations in nutritional status. Sampling: no randomized by quota. Variables: age, sex, weight, height, mass index body, nutritional status, maternal age, prenatal monitoring and occupation. Results: using a statistical analysis with mean, percentages and chi2, 148 cases analysed, there was predominance of normal nutritional status (60.1%) of which (50.5%) records were the group of children of Teenage mothers and other adult mothers, statistically there is no significant difference between both groups, represented with chi2 of 0.61 and p 0.89. Conclusion: No association was found between teenage pregnancy and alterations in the nutritional status of children under 5

Asociación del Estado Nutricional del Menor de 5 años con la Edad Materna

Introducción: En Latinoamérica es dificil encontrar información que relacione la edad materna con el estado nutricional de los hijos durante la primera infancia; siendo la desnutrición y el embarazo adolescente de los principales problemas de salud pública en la actualidad. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación del estado nutricional del menor de 5 años y la edad materna. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio Observacional, Retrospectivo, Transversal analítico de Asociación en expedientes clínicos de menores de 5 años de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No.16 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social den estado de Querétaro, el tamaño de muestra se obtuvo con la fórmula para dos proporciones, n=74 por cada grupo, GRUPO 1. Expedientes de menores de 5 años hijos de madre adolescente, con y sin alteraciones del estado nutricional. GRUPO 2.  Expedientes de menores de 5 años hijos de madres adultas, con y sin alteraciones del estado nutricional. Muestreo: no aleatorizado por cuota. Variables: edad, sexo, peso, talla, indice de masa corporal, estado nutricional, edad materna, control prenatal y ocupación. Resultados: mediante un análisis estadístico con media, porcentajes y chi2, de 148 expedientes analizados, hubo predominio del estado nutricional normal (60.1%) de los cuales (50.5%) expedientes fueron el grupo de los hijos de madres adolescentes y el resto de madres adultas, estadísticamente no hay diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos, representado con chi2 de 0.61 y p de 0.89. Conclusión: No se encontró asociación entre el embarazo adolescente y alteraciones del estado nutricio del menor de 5 años.   Introduction: In Latin America it is difficult to find information that relate maternal age to the nutritional status of children during early childhood; undernutrition and teenage pregnancy of children Main public health problems at present. Objective: To determine Association of the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age and maternal age. Methodology: An observational, retrospective, Cross-sectional analysis of Association in clinical records of children under 5 Family Medicine Unit No.16 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security of the state of Queretaro, the sample size was obtained with the formula for two proportions, n=74 for each group, GROUP 1. Records children of a teenage mother, with and without alterations of the nutritional status. GROUP 2. Records of children under 5 adult mothers, with and without alterations in nutritional status. Sampling: no randomized by quota. Variables: age, sex, weight, height, mass index body, nutritional status, maternal age, prenatal monitoring and occupation. Results: using a statistical analysis with mean, percentages and chi2, 148 cases analysed, there was predominance of normal nutritional status (60.1%) of which (50.5%) records were the group of children of Teenage mothers and other adult mothers, statistically there is no significant difference between both groups, represented with chi2 of 0.61 and p 0.89. Conclusion: No association was found between teenage pregnancy and alterations in the nutritional status of children under 5

Edad Materna y su Asociación con el Estado Nutricional en el Menor de 5 Años

Introducción: La malnutricion infantil y el embarazo adolescente son de los principales problemas de salud pública en la actualidad, el estudio de esta relación es importante para la prevención de alteraciones materno fetales, asi como en el desarrollo y crecimiento de los niños. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación del estado nutricional del menor de 5 años y la edad materna. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal analítico de asociación en expedientes clínicos de menores de 5 años de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No.16, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social del estado de Querétaro, mediante un análisis estadístico con media, porcentajes y chi2; El tamaño de muestra se obtuvo con la fórmula para dos proporciones, n=74 para cada grupo, Grupo 1, Expedientes de menores de 5 años, hijos de madre adolescente, con y sin alteraciones del estado nutricional. Grupo 2,  Expedientes de menores de 5 años, hijos de madres adultas, con y sin alteraciones del estado nutricional. Muestreo: no aleatorizado por cuota. Variables: edad, sexo, peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, estado nutricional, edad materna, control prenatal y ocupación. Resultados: De 148 expedientes analizados, hubo predominio del estado nutricional normal 60,1% de los cuales 50,5% expedientes fueron el grupo de los hijos de madres adolescentes y el resto de madres adultas, estadísticamente no hay diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos, representado con chi2 de 0,61 y p de 0,89. Conclusión: No se encontró asociación entre el embarazo adolescente y alteraciones del estado nutricio del menor de 5 años.   Introduction: Child malnutrition and adolescent pregnancy are currently the main public health problems, the study of this relationship is important for the prevention of maternal-fetal disorders, as well as in the development and growth of children. Objective: To determine Association of the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age and maternal age. Methodology: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, analytical study of association was carried out in clinical records of children under 5 years of age from the Family Medicine Unit No.16, of the Mexican Institute of Social Security of the state of Querétaro, through a statistical analysis with mean, percentages and chi2; The sample size was obtained with the formula for two proportions, n=74 for each group, Group 1, Records of children under 5 years of age, children of an adolescent mother, with and without alterations in nutritional status. Group 2, records of children under 5 years of age, children of adult mothers, with and without changes in nutritional status. Sampling: not randomized by quota. Variables: age, sex, weight, height, body mass index, nutritional status, maternal age, prenatal control, and occupation. Results: Of 148 files analyzed, there was a predominance of normal nutritional status, 60,1% of which 50,5% records were the group of children of adolescent mothers and the rest of adult mothers, there is no statistically significant difference between both groups, represented by chi2 of 0,61 and p of 0,89. Conclusion: No association was found between teenage

La organización de las mujeres en el Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos (SNTAR)

Las luchas sindicales que han emprendido las trabajadoras de la SARH han sido, principalmente, de las madres y en momentos coyuntrales, con excepción de un movimiento fuerte que hubo en 1984 en Jalapa, Veracruz, donde las mujeres de esa sección se destacaron por su participación en todos los niveles para democratizar su sindicato. El CEN, conjuntamente con las autoridades estatales, reprimieron su movimiento y varas trabajadoras fueron despedidas y otras reubicada