Discipline with Emotion: Exploring the Influence of Teacher Tone on Elementary Students’ Perceptions of and Responses to Teacher Authority

Popular preventative discipline programs often provide guidelines for ideal disciplinary interactions, emphasizing teachers’ use of a neutral, soft, warm, and/or loving tone of voice during student discipline. Yet the scholarly literature has suggested that there are alternative pedagogical ways of using emotional expression, including tone, to enhance student learning. For example, a long line of scholarship on African American educators (Delpit, 1996; Foster, 1991, 1997; Gordson, 1998; Irvine & Fraser, 1998; Monroe & Obidah, 2004; Patterson, Mickelson, Hester, & Wyrick, 2011; Ware, 2006) has found that some African American teachers use a direct, assertive, and strict disciplinary tone in the context of trusting student-teacher relationships to communicate high expectations and concern. Through experiments, interviews, and observations, this current mixed methods study explored how elementary students perceived and responded to the strict tone aspect of a “tough love” discipline style. Based on the study’s findings, I argue that teacher education programs that deem only one style of communication as acceptable during discipline may in fact be needlessly excluding diverse teaching styles and disregarding the cultural assets of the teachers who use them

An economic analysis of crops and land use localizations in the Tungabhadra Irrigaiton Project of Mysore State, Inda

A system of Improved land use localizations for controlling the use of irrigation water is proposed for the Tungabhadra Irrigation Project (TBP) in Mysore State, India. Land use localizations determine which crops, to what extent, and in what season they can be grown. Lands are localized for light irrigated crops or for heavy irrigated paddy. To insure high levels of total production from a limited water supply, the great majority of land was initially localized for light irrigated crops. Localization regulations, however, are not being strictly enforced. This has resulted in farmers\u27 growing more paddy, which appears to be the preferred crop, than is authorized. The growing of unauthorized paddy has resulted in a disorderly distribution of water and in frequent shortages. The general objective of this study is to construct an economic model for use in analyzing agricultural phenomena in the black soil area of the TBP. The Fortieth Distributary was selected as the unit of analysis and representative farms were constructed for this distributary based on primary resource data collected from a random sample of farmers. This study investigates the profitability of various dryland and irrigated crops grown on the representative farms assuming that localization regula-tions are strictly enforced. Linear programming analysis is used to determine the most profitable crops grown on representative farms under two sets of locali-zation regulations for the Fortieth Distributary. Also, three models are considered in which various levels of operating credit and land developed for irrigation are assumed to be available. An aggregate analysis is also made to determine the total input requirements and production that are likely on the distributary under six different sets of localization regulations. Each set of regulations differs with respect to amount of acres of paddy allowed, and/or the seasons in which various crops can be grown, and/or the exact dates when irrigation water becomes available and terminates. The same representative farms used in the crop analysis are used in the aggregate analysis. Aggregate results are determined under assumed conditions of unlimited operating credit and unlimited land developed for irrigation. Results of the crop analysis show that paddy may not be a preferred crop on many farms when localization regulations are enforced. The results show that in situations of limited operating capital the dry land crops compete favorably with irrigated crops, primarily because of the higher returns per rupee invested in cash inputs on the dryland crops. If operating credit is actually as limited to farmers as it was assumed to be in the limited operating credit model then the higher returns per rupee invested for the dryland crops may explain why many farmers have not adopted irrigation. It was found that paddy competes favorably with the light irrigated crops where developed land and capital are plentiful. However, when developed land is limited it is generally more profitable to double crop with two light irrigated short duration crops than to grow one crop of longer duration paddy. Results of the aggregate analysis show that there are significant differences in aggregate production from a given supply of water, depend-ing on the set of localization regulations that Is In force* In general, there Is little justification for using water for paddy if total produc-tion Is the major goal In the TBP. Also, It was found that a set of localization regulations that allows a broad range of possibilities for double cropping light Irrigated crops will yield greater total production. It was found that summer Irrigation of light Irrigated crops results In considerably less production because of heavy water requirements during this season and, also, because some of the more profitable light Irrigated crops cannot be grown during the summer

Hippocampus dependent and independent theta-networks of working memory maintenance

Working memory is the ability to briefly maintain and manipulate information beyond its transient availability to our senses. This process of short-term stimulus retention has often been proposed to be anatomically distinct from long-term forms of memory. Although it’s been well established that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is critical to long-term declarative memory, recent evidence has suggested that MTL regions, such as the hippocampus, may also be involved in the working memory maintenance of configural visual relationships. I investigate this possibility in a series of experiments using Magnetoencephalography to record the cortical oscillatory activity within the theta frequency band of patients with bilateral hippocampal sclerosis and normal controls. The results demonstrate that working memory maintenance of configural-relational information is supported by a theta synchronous network coupling frontal, temporal and occipital visual areas, and furthermore that this theta synchrony is critically dependent on the integrity of the hippocampus. Alternate forms of working memory maintenance, that do not require the relational binding of visual configurations, engage dissociable theta synchronous networks functioning independently of the hippocampus. In closing, I will explore the interactions between long-term and short-term forms of memory and demonstrate that through these interactions, memory performance can effectively be improved

Some considerations in design of agricultural credit programs for Mysore State, India

The purpose of this study was to investigate the problem of agricultural credit in Mysore State, India, and to suggest major issues to consider in the design of agricultural credit programs for Mysore State. Only secondary data were used in this study. Data were derived primarily from the libraries of the University of Tennessee, the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., publications of the Agency for Inter-national Development, discussions with Indian Agricultural students from Mysore State attending the University of Tennessee, and others with experience in India. The study consisted of five separate but interrelated objectives. The first objective was to determine the agricultural credit situation in India with emphasis on Mysore State. It was found that the money lenders are the primary source of agricultural credit, but that credit cooperatives have increased their loans tremendously during the past fifteen years. The second objective was to describe some characteristics of Mysore State that affect the success of credit proposals such as soils, climate, population, land area, and crops. These characteristics greatly determine the type of credit program that will be successful. The third objective was to present an illustrative example of a farmer in Mysore State who is interested in adopting new farming prac-tices through the use of credit. This example was synthesized from data from several sources including several farm management studies from Mysore State. This example showed the kinds of problems a farmer is likely to encounter when he attempts to use credit productively. Credit problems were presented in the light of the social, political, and economic conditions within which they are likely to arise. The fourth objective was to examine conceptually some of the major issues, such as farmers\u27 attitudes toward credit, loan security, land tenure, amount and timing of loans, and supervision of loans that are important in the design of credit programs. Most of these issues were drawn from the illustrative farm example, and here they were examined in a more conceptual manner. The fifth objective was to present some pertinent areas in which research into agricultural credit is needed. There appears to be a need for data showing the kinds of farm-level capital that will be needed by subsistence farmers as they adopt new farming methods. Also, there is a need for theories that will enable credit planners to predict the probable response of a particular village or group of farmers to a certain program

Active Fiber Bragg Grating Flow Sensor Powered By In-Fiber Light

Tunable fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are key components for optical communications and sensing applications. Current tuning mechanisms include on-fiber electric heating, the piezo-electric effect, and mechanical stretching and bending. Unfortunately, all of these tuning mechanisms rely on external electrical power supplied by non-optical means. Additional electrical cabling increases manufacturing cost and the risks of failure associated with additional on-fiber electrical contacts and fragile packaging, which are susceptible to electromagnetic interference. These limitations make current fiber components no longer suitable for use in hostile environments, such as extreme temperature, corrosive, and humid environments.The research herein presents a tunable fiber Bragg grating device without sophisticated packaging and external electrical wiring. Shown for the first time, the resonance wavelength, spectrum width, and chirp can be directly controlled by in-fiber light as well as spectral responses of metal-coated fiber Bragg gratings. In-fiber diode laser light at 910-nm was leaked from the fiber and absorbed by the surrounding metallic coating to raise the grating's temperature and to change the background refractive index distribution of the gratings. Wide tunability of the resonance wavelength and spectral width was demonstrated in both uniform and linear chirped gratings.Applications of in-fiber light-powered active grating sensors are demonstrated for dual function temperature and flow sensors based on self-heated optical hot wire anemometry. A grating flow sensor has been experimentally evaluated for different grating lengths and input laser powers. The grating flow sensor demonstrated a minimum measurable flow velocity for nitrogen gas flow of 0.35-m/s at atmosphere pressure, which is comparable to or better than most MEMS-based flow sensors. Optical fiber is not used only for optical signal delivery, but also as a multi-function cable that can deliver optical power for on-fiber self-heating. This one-fiber solution provides a new dimension to designing multifunctional fiber sensors without compromising their intrinsic advantages, which include immunity to electromagnetic fields, low cost, long lifetime, and the capability to function in harsh environments

The Recreation and Commercial Resort Association

The resort and commercial recreation industry is the second largest in the country according to the U.S. Travel Data Information. There has not been a professional association to provide guidance and leadership for the development of this aspect of the profession. The Resort and Commercial Recreation Association has been founded to serve the commercial interests in recreation related industries

WNYCOSH Issues REVISED Guidance for Grocery Stores

Grocery stores across Western New York have made significant changes to encourage social distancing and hand washing. Additionally many stores have gone beyond our recommendations by issuing PPE and installing plexiglass shields. However, these changes require additional training and procedures to protect worker and customers alike and limit community spread. WNYCOSH is releasing the revised guidance to include the additional recommendations

Comparison of the explosion characteristics and flame speeds of pulverised coals and biomass in the ISO standard 1 m3 dust explosion equipment

Pulverised coal has been known to pose explosion risks since the 19th century, with the advent of biomass use in coal fired power generation boilers the explosion risk may need revision. The objective of the present work was to compare the explosibility of two samples of bituminous coal used in UK power stations with two biomass fuels and to review available explosion data in the literature for pulverised coal and biomass. The 1 m3 ISO explosion vessel was used to determine the explosion characteristics: deflagration index (KSt), maximum explosion pressure (Pmax) and minimum explosible concentration (MEC). Flame speeds were also measured and these are relevant to understanding the mechanism of turbulent flame propagation in power station burners, which is related to the problem of flame flashback or blow-off. Despite the similarities in composition of both coals, the explosion reactivity of Colombian coal was much higher, with a KSt value of 129 bar m/s compared to 78 bar m/s for Kellingley coal. The main difference between the two fuels was the surface area of particles which was higher for Colombian coal. It was shown that the char burn out rate at 900 °C in air was higher for Colombian coal, due to the greater oxygen diffusion in the higher porosity of the char. Results for two biomass fuels are also presented with similar values for KSt and the literature review shows that both coal and biomass have very variable flame reactivities. There is no general trend that coal is less reactive than biomass, although this could be the case for specific coals and biomass

Developing Digital Tools for Remote Clinical Research:How to Evaluate the Validity and Practicality of Active Assessments in Field Settings

The ability of remote research tools to collect granular, high-frequency data on symptoms and digital biomarkers is an important strength because it circumvents many limitations of traditional clinical trials and improves the ability to capture clinically relevant data. This approach allows researchers to capture more robust baselines and derive novel phenotypes for improved precision in diagnosis and accuracy in outcomes. The process for developing these tools however is complex because data need to be collected at a frequency that is meaningful but not burdensome for the participant or patient. Furthermore, traditional techniques, which rely on fixed conditions to validate assessments, may be inappropriate for validating tools that are designed to capture data under flexible conditions. This paper discusses the process for determining whether a digital assessment is suitable for remote research and offers suggestions on how to validate these novel tools

J/Psi and Psi' total cross sections and formation times from data for charmonium suppression in pApA collisions

The recent data for E866 experiment on the x_F dependence for charmonium suppression in pA collisions at 800 GeV are analyzed using a time- and energy-dependent preformed charmonium absorption cross section \sigma_{abs}^\psi(\tau,\sqrt{s}). For \sqrt{s}=10 GeV the initially (\tau=0) produced premeson has an absorption cross section of \sigma_{pr}~3mb. At the same energy but for \tau -> \infty one deduces for the total cross sections \sigma_{tot}^{J/Psi N}=(2.8\pm 0.3)mb, \sigma_{tot}^{J/Psi N}= (10.5\pm 3.6)mb. The date are compatible with a formation time \tau_{1/2}=0.6 fm/c.Comment: 13 pages of Latex including 2 figures; typos in the abstract are correcte