L\u2019utilizzo dei farmaci analgesici oppiacei per il trattamento del dolore in Italia: un\u2019analisi empirica

The International association for the study of pain and the World medical association stated that receiving a fair treatment of pain is a right of each individual. Moderate or high intensity cases of pain are treated with opiates. In Italy, in 2010, a new legislation has been issued, one of the most advanced on the topic of the treatment of pain and the usage of opiates. Although the legislative progresses, the consumption of opiates is not so common and ranks far behind the other European countries. The analysis of the spread of opiates in the treatment of pain pointed out relevant differences in terms of gender, age, region, cancer, type of opioid prescribed. It should then take action to make consistent use of opiates in pain therapy, focusing in particular on cancer patients and territorial differences. The analysis of religiosity as a potential barrier to pain management and opiates usage allowed us to conclude, however, that it is a factor that influences the number of prescriptions of opiates, even if the moderate effect. Public policies should respect personal choices (also religious ones), but it is important broadcasting some appropriate information campaigns which allow to make independent and informed choices. Key words. Opioids, pain, religiosity. JEL classification. I18

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Evidence for mantle heterogeneities in the westernmost Mediterranean from a statistical approach to volcanic petrology

The geological evolution of the westernmost Mediterranean region is characterised by widespread volcanic activity, with subduction (orogenic) or intraplate (anorogenic) geochemical imprints. Major, trace elements and isotopic ratios of 283 orogenic and 310 anorogenic volcanic samples from the western and central Mediterranean areas were merged in a single database that was processed using a statistical approach. Factor analysis, performed using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method, reduced the original 36 geochemical parameters that were expressed as oxides, elements or isotopic ratios to seven factors that account for ~. 84% of the variance. Combining these factors in binary diagrams clearly separates the anorogenic and orogenic fields. Anorogenic samples usually fall into a narrow compositional range, while orogenic rocks are characterised by greater variability and by alignment along different trends. These different trends are a result of large heterogeneities of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Mediterranean area because of extensive recycling of geochemically different lithologies, at least since Palaeozoic times. The results support the requirement for different mantle reservoirs in the origin of the Mediterranean volcanism. We find that the double subduction polarity model, recently proposed for the westernmost Mediterranean area, is compatible with the volcanic petrology of the last 30 My

INTEGRATED STRATIGRAPHY OF MIDDLE-LATE MIOCENE SYNOROGENIC DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN SOUTHERN APENNINE CHAIN: THE SAN BARTOLOMEO FLYSCH

The present paper deals with the stratigraphic and biostratigraphic study of the middle-late Miocene thrust-top basin deposits of the San Bartolomeo Flysch, exposed north of Matese mountains and analysed during the geological survey of the sheet N° 405 Campobasso of the new Geological Map of Italy, 1:50.000 scale. The integrated study of calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminifera, based on the semi-quantitative distribution range of index species, revealed the presence of age-diagnostic assemblages which are comparable with those of different middle-late Miocene deep-marine sedimentary settings of the Mediterranean Basin. The biostratigraphic dataset suggests an early Serravallian – early middle Tortonian age. In terms of calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, the studied succession falls between the Last Occurrences of Sphenolithus heteromorphus and the First Occurrence of Discoaster bellus gr., corresponding to the MNN6 – MNN8 zone interval. In terms of planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy the studied sediments fall between the Last Occurrence of Globorotalia peripheroronda and the First Regular Occurrence of Neogloboquadrina acostaensis, corresponding to the MM6 p.p. - MMi10 p.p. zone interval. This study documents the applicability of the recent Mediterranean middle –late Miocene biozonations for the biostratigraphic study of siliciclastic synorogenic sediments, and challenges the most recent studies that dated the San Bartolomeo Flysch to the late Tortonian- early Messinian.

MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE MIOCENE CALCAREOUS TURBIDITE DEPOSITS OF FAETO AND TUFILLO FORMATIONS (EASTERN SECTOR OF THE SOUTHERN APENNINE CHAIN)

A biostratigraphic study was carried out on four sections of  the Miocene Tufillo and Faeto Formations (Southern Apennines). The sediments analyzed were referred to the late Burdigalian-early Tortonian on the basis of planktonic foraminifers (MMi2b Subzone through the MMi8 Zone) and calcareous nannofossils (MNN3b Zone through the MNN7 Zone). Almost the majority of the bioevents of the recently published Miocene biozonal schemes of Mediterranean area were identified. Particularly, the marked changes in the abundance pattern of Paragloborotalia siakensis resulted very useful to correlate the sediments. A new acme abundance of the letter species has been recorded in the uppermost part of the Burdigalian planktonic foraminiferal MMi2b Subzone. Moreover, the integrated calcareous plankton biostratigraphy  revealed that the First Common Occurrence (FCO) of Sphenolitus heteromorphus occurs before the Last Occurrence (LO) of Catapsidrax dissimilis, in the upper part of Burdigalian record.This study indicates that the lower Langhian portion of the Tufillo Formation is characterized by arkose sandstones which pass upwards into calcarenites and/or calcirudites and marly deposits. Field data suggest that these sandstones directly overly the "Numidian Sandstones". The Faeto Formation starts with calcarenites and calcareous marls, in the calcareous nannofossil MNN3b Zone (Burdigalian), and lies on the "Numidian Sandstones" as well.High-resolution sampling and biostratigraphy reveal that the deposition of the "Numidian Sandstones" ends in the late Burdigalian stage, just below the FCO of S. heteromorphus (MNN3b Zone) and the LO of C. dissimilis (MMi2b Subzone).

Evidences for mantle heterogeneities in the western Mediterranean

Goldschmidt 2015, 16.08 - 21.08.2015 , Prague, Czech RepublicThe complex geodynamic history of the Western Mediterranean since Oligocene has been explained with various models that can be broadly divided in three groups on the basis of the locations and dip of the subduction lithosphere: A) N-NW dipping slab extending from the Gibraltar arc to the Balearic promontory retreating in S-SE direction; B) NW dipping slab under the Balearic promontory, retreating in SE direction towards the Gibraltar strait C) two opposite-directed subductions separated by a transform fault subparellel to the Pierre Fallot Fault The geological evolution of this part of the Mediterranean is characterized by widespread volcanic activity, associated to subductive (orogenic) or intraplate (anorogenic) settings. Two huge databases of both types of volcanism have been merged and analyzed through factor analysis, in order to reduce the large number of geochemical parameters describing each sample (i.e. major and trace elements,isotopic compositions) through a smaller number of factors. Seven factors have been calculated accounting for ~84% of variance. Binary diagrams obtained combining these factors allow to clearly distinguish the anorogenic field from the orogenic one, except for some overlaps caused by the great number of samples included in the analysis. Anorogenic rocks usually fall in a narrow range of variation, while orogenic are characterized by a greater variability and by alignement along different trends. These different trends account for large heterogeneities of the sub lithospheric mantle due to extensive recycling of geochemically different materials through time, supporting the idea that different reservoirs are responsible for the Mediterranean volcanism [1]. The spatio-temporal evolution of the Western Mediterranean lamproites (always clearly discriminated in the diagrams) allows us to speculate a two-step evolution of the mantle beneath southern Spain. This evolution has been evaluated at the light of the three models described above

Evidence for mantle heterogeneities in the Western Mediterranean: a statistical approach applied to geochemistry

In the last decades the Mediterranean has been the topic of many research investigations due to its complex geodynamic history. The results are reconstructions of plate kinematics, characterization of the volcanic activity that since Oligocene affected various areas from Spain to eastern Alps and from northern Africa to Germany and seismic images of the actual lithospheric domains beneath Europe and the Mediterranean. The combination of all this information gave rise to contrasting geodynamic models that can be broadly divided in three groups on the basis of the locations and dip of the subduction lithosphere: A) N-NW dipping slab extending from the Gibraltar arc to the Balearic promontory retreating in S-SE direction; B) NW dipping slab under the Balearic promontory, retreating in SE direction towards the Gibraltar strait C) two opposite-directed subductions separated by a transform fault subparellel to the Pierre Fallot Fault. The geological evolution of the Mediterranean is characterized by widespread volcanic activity, associated to subductive (orogenic) or intraplate (anorogenic) settings. Two huge databases of both types of volcanism ([1], [2]) have been merged and analyzed through factor analysis, in order to reduce the large number of geochemical parameters describing each sample (i.e. major and trace elements, isotopic compositions) through a smaller number of factors. The complete resulting database of ~14,000 geochemical analyses was lowered to ~600, choosing only those samples with a complete chemical profile. The factor analysis performed using the Principal Component Analysis method reduced the original 36 starting variables (i.e. 36 geochemical parameters) to seven factors accounting for ~84% of variance. Combining these factors in binary diagrams allow to clearly distinguish the anorogenic field from the orogenic one (except some overlaps due to the great number of samples used). Anorogenic samples usually fall in a narrow compositional range, while orogenic rocks are characterized by a greater variability and by alignment along different trends. These different trends account for large heterogeneities of the sub lithospheric mantle due to extensive recycling of geochemically different materials through time. This support the idea [3] that different reservoirs are responsible for the Mediterranean volcanism. The spatio-temporal evolution of the Western Mediterranean lamproites allows us to speculate a two-step evolution of the mantle beneath southern Spain. This evolution has been evaluated in light of the three models. We therefore propose that a type C model accounting for a double polarity subduction beneath the Western Mediterranean is the most feasible model to describe the geodynamic evolution of this area. [1] Lustrino and Wilson (2007). Earth-Science Reviews 81 (2007) 1¿65. [2] Lustrino et al. (2011). Earth-Science Reviews 104 (2011) 1¿40. [3] Conticelli et al. (2009). Lithos 107, 68-92.Peer Reviewe

Evidence for mantle heterogeneities in the Western Mediterranean.

The complex geodynamic history of the Western Mediterranean since Oligocene has been explained with various models that can be broadly divided in three groups on the basis of the locations and dip of the subduction lithosphere: A) N-NW dipping slab extending from the Gibraltar arc to the Balearic promontory retreating in S-SE direction; B) NW dipping slab under the Balearic promontory, retreating in SE direction towards the Gibraltar strait C) two opposite-directed subductions separated by a transform fault subparellel to the Pierre Fallot Fault The geological evolution of this part of the Mediterranean is characterized by widespread volcanic activity, associated to subductive (orogenic) or intraplate (anorogenic) settings. Two huge databases of both types of volcanism have been merged and analyzed through factor analysis, in order to reduce the large number of geochemical parameters describing each sample (i.e. major and trace elements,isotopic compositions) through a smaller number of factors. Seven factors have been calculated accounting for ~84% of variance. Binary diagrams obtained combining these factors allow to clearly distinguish the anorogenic field from the orogenic one, except for some overlaps caused by the great number of samples included in the analysis. Anorogenic rocks usually fall in a narrow range of variation, while orogenic are characterized by a greater variability and by alignement along different trends. These different trends account for large heterogeneities of the sub lithospheric mantle due to extensive recycling of geochemically different materials through time, supporting the idea that different reservoirs are responsible for the Mediterranean volcanism [1]. The spatio-temporal evolution of the Western Mediterranean lamproites (always clearly discriminated in the diagrams) allows us to speculate a two-step evolution of the mantle beneath southern Spain. This evolution has been evaluated at the light of the three models described above. [1] Conticelli et al. (2009). Lithos 107, 68-92.Peer Reviewe