Impact of micronutrients supplementation on bone repair around implants: microCT and counter-torque analysis in rats

The use of natural substances and micronutritional approaches has been suggested as a therapeutic alternative to benefit the bone healing associated with no side effects. Nevertheless, the influence of micronutritional interventions with therapeutic propr2414551sem informaçãosem informaçã

Isolation and characterization of a human cementocyte-like cell line, HCY-23

Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering the tooth root that functions in tooth attachment and post-eruptive adjustment of tooth position. It has been reported to be highly similar to bone in several respects but remains poorly understood in terms of development and regeneration. Here, we investigate whether cementocytes, the residing cells in cellular cementum, have the potential to be protagonist in cementum homeostasis, responding to endocrine signals and directing local cementum metabolism. Cells from healthy erupted human teeth were isolated using sequential collagenase/EDTA digestions, and maintained in standard cell culture conditions. A cementocyte-like cell line was cloned (HCY-23, for human cementocyte clone 23), which presented a cementocyte compatible gene expression signature, including the expression of dentin matrix protein 1 ( DMP1 ), sclerostin ( SOST ), and E11/gp38/podoplanin ( E11 ). In contrast, these cells did not express the odontoblast/dentin marker dentin sialoprotein ( DSPP ). HCY-23 cells produced mineral-like nodules in vitro under differentiation conditions, and were highly responsive to inorganic phosphate (Pi). Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that cementocytes are phosphate-responsive cells, and have the potential do play a key role in periodontal homeostasis and regeneration33CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP304680/2014-12015/07232-0; 2015/06372-

Evaluation Of The Use Of Systemic Antimicrobial Agents By Professionals For The Treatment Of Periodontal Diseases

Aim: To investigate the indication of systemic antimicrobial agents used by dental professionals for treatment of patients affected by periodontal diseases. Methods: Interviews by a questionnaire were held with 225 professionals of different dental specialties and who performed periodontal treatment. Results: Among interviewees, 94% indicated systemic antibiotics as a form of periodontal disease treatment. Their main indication was for periodontal abscesses (80%) followed by aggressive periodontitis (62%) and necrotizing diseases (45%). The most frequently used antibiotics were amoxicillin (81%) and metronidazole (57%). The medications were indicated in association with mechanical therapy by 67% of the professionals. As regards the occasion of indication, 60% indicated systemic antibiotic therapy before and after mechanical periodontal scaling and root planing. Seventy-eight percent of the professionals indicated antibiotics associated with periodontal surgery for access to scaling, and 76% indicated it before and after the surgical procedure. Among the interviewees, 99% took into account systemic involvement for drug administration. Conclusions: It was concluded that a considerable portion of professionals indicate systemic antibiotic-therapy in an incoherent manner and in situations in which there is no indication for antibiotic use, or with ineffective protocols.124285291Herrera, D., Matesanz, P., Bascones-Martínez, A., Sanz, M., Local and systemic antimicrobial therapy in periodontics (2012) J Evid Based Dent Pract., 12, pp. 50-60Matarazzo, F., Figueiredo, L.C., Cruz, S.E., Faveri, M., Feres, M., Clinical and microbiological benefits of systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin in the treatment of smokers with chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo controlled study (2008) J Clin Periodontol., 35, pp. 885-896Cionca, N., Giannopoulou, C., Ugolotti, G., Mombelli, A., Amoxicillin and metronidazole as an adjunct to full-mouth scaling and root planing of chronic periodontitis (2009) J Periodontol., 80, pp. 364-371Sgolastra, F., Gatto, R., Petrucci, A., Monaco, A., Effectiveness of systemic amoxicillin/metronidazole as adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and metaanalysis (2012) J Periodontol., 83, pp. 1257-1269Mestnik, M.J., Feres, M., Figueiredo, L.C., Duarte, P.M., Lira, E.A.G., Faveri, M., Short-term benefits of the adjunctive use of metronidazole plus amoxicillin in the microbial profile and in clinical parameters of subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis (2010) J Clin Periodontol., 37, pp. 353-365Yek, E.C., Citan, S., Topcuoglu, N., Kulekci, G., Issever, H., Kantarci, A., Efficacy of amoxicillin and metronidazole combination for the management of generalized aggressive periodontitis (2010) J Periodontol., 81, pp. 964-974Rodrigues, A.S., Louren, O.D.S., Lima Neto, L.G., Pannuti, C.M., Crespo Hirata, R.D., Hirata, M.H., Clinical and microbiological evaluation, by real-time pcr, of non-surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis associated with amoxicillin and metronidazole (2012) J Periodontol., 83, pp. 744-752Silva, M.P., Feres, M., Sirotto, T.A., Soares, G.M., Mendes, J.A., Faveri, M., Clinical and microbiological benefits of metronidazole alone or with amoxicillin as adjuncts in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial (2011) J Clin Periodontol., 38, pp. 828-837Arweiler, N.B., Pietruska, M., Skurska, A., Doliñska, E., Pietruski, J.K., Bläs, M., Nonsurgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis with photodynamic therapy or systemic antibiotics. Three-month results of a randomized, prospective, controlled clinical study (2013) Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed., 123, pp. 532-544Silva-Senem, M.X., Heller, D., Varela, V.M., Torres, M.C., Feres-Filho, E.J., Colombo, A.P., Clinical and microbiological effects of systemic antimicrobials combined to an anti-infective mechanical debridement for the management of aggressive periodontitis: a 12-month randomized controlled trial (2013) J Clin Periodontol., 40, pp. 242-251Zandbergen, D., Slot, D.E., Cobb, C.M., Van der Weijden, F.A., The clinical effect of scaling and root planing and the concomitant administration of systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole: a systematic review (2013) J Periodontol., 84, pp. 332-351Haas, A.N., De Castro, G.D., Moreno, T., Susin, C., Albandar, J.M., Oppermann, R.V., Azithromycin as an adjunctive treatment of aggressive periodontitis: 12-months randomized clinical trial (2008) J Clin Periodontol., 35, pp. 696-704Sampaio, E., Rocha, M., Figueiredo, L.C., Faveri, M., Duarte, P.M., Gomes Lira, E.A., Clinical and microbiological effects of azithromycin in the treatment of generalized chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial (2011) J Clin Periodontol., 38, pp. 838-846Han, B., Emingil, G., Ozdemir, G., Tervahartiala, T., Vural, C., Atilla, G., Azithromycin as an adjunctive treatment of generalized severe chronic periodontitis: clinical, microbiological and biochemical parameters (2012) J Periodontol., 83, pp. 1480-1491Sigusch, B., Beier, M., Klinger, G., Pfister, W., Glockmann, E., A 2-step nonsurgical procedure and systemic antibiotics in the treatment of rapidly progressive periodontitis (2001) J Periodontol., 72, pp. 275-283Pradeep, A.R., Kathariya, R., Clarithromycin, as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy for chronic periodontitis: A double blinded, placebo controlled, randomized clinical trial (2011) Arch Oral Biol., 56, pp. 1112-1119Cionca, N., Giannopoulou, C., Ugolotti, G., Mombelli, A., Microbiologic testing and outcomes of full-mouth scaling and root planing with or without amoxicillin/metronidazole in chronic periodontitis (2010) J Periodontol., 81, pp. 15-23Colombo, A.P., Teles, R.P., Torres, M.C., Rosalem, W., Mendes, M.C., Souto, R.M., Effects of non-surgical mechanical therapy on the subgingival microbiota of Brazilians with untreated chronic periodontitis: 9-month results (2005) J Periodontol., 76, pp. 778-784Marsh, P.D., Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community lifestyle (2005) J Clin Periodontol., 32, pp. 7-15Feres, M., Haffajee, A.D., Allard, K., Som, S., Goodson, S., Socransky, S.S., Antibiotic resistance of subgingival species during and after antibiotic therapy (2002) J Clin Periodontol., 29, pp. 724-735Goossens, H., Causal link confirmed between antibiotic use and resistance (2007) Lancet., 369, pp. 482-90Ardila, C.M., Granada, M.I., Guzmán, I.C., Antibiotic resistance of subgingival species in chronic periodontitis patients (2010) J Periodontal Res., 45, pp. 557-563Casati, M.Z., Nociti Junior, F.H., Sallum, E.A., Toledo, S., Sallum, A.W., Evaluation of using antimicrobial agents in the therapy of periodontal diseases (1996) Periodontics., 5, pp. 335-340Herrera, D., Roldan, S., Sanz, M., The periodontal abscess: a review (2000) J Clin Periodontol., 27, pp. 377-386Lypka, M., Hammoudeh, J., Dentoalveolar infections (2011) Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am., 23, pp. 415-424Herrera, D., Roldan, S., O'Connor, A., Sanz, M., The periodontal abscess (II). Short term clinical and microbiological efficacy of 2 systemic antibiotic regimes (2000) J ClinPeriodontol., 27, pp. 395-404Bermejo-Fenoll, A., Sánchez-Pérez, A., Necrotising periodontal diseases (2004) Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 9 (SUPPL.), pp. 114-9. , 108-114Haffajee, A.D., Torresyap, G., Socransky, S.S., Clinical changes following four different periodontal therapies for the treatment of chronic periodontitis: 1 year results (2007) J Clin Periodontol., 34, pp. 243-253Albandar, J.M., Adjunctive antibiotics with nonsurgical periodontal therapy improve the clinical outcome of chronic periodontitis in current smokers (2012) J Evid Based Dent Pract., 12, pp. 63-66Mascarenhas, P., Gapski, R., Al-Shammari, K., Hill, R., Soehren, S., Fenno, J.C., Clinical response of azithromycin as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers (2005) J Periodontol., 76, pp. 426-436Angaji, M., Gelskey, S., Nogueira-Filho, G., Brothwell, D., A systematic review of clinical efficacy of adjunctive antibiotics in the treatment of smokers with periodontitis (2010) J Periodontol., 81, pp. 1518-1528Herrera, D., Alonso, B., Leon, R., Roldan, S., Sanz, M., Antimicrobial therapy in periodontitis: the use of systemic antimicrobials against the subgingival biofilm (2008) J Clin Periodontol., 35, pp. 45-66Powell, C.A., Mealey, B.L., Deas, D., McDonnell, H.T., Mortiz, A.J., Post-surgical infections: prevalence associated with various periodontal surgical procedures (2005) J Periodontol., 76, pp. 329-333Wilson, W., Taubert, K.A., Gewitz, M., Lockhart, P.B., Baddour, L.M., Levison, M., Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association (2007) J Am Dent Assoc, 138, pp. 739-745. , A guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group.747-760Slots, J., Low-cost periodontal therapy (2012) Periodontol. 2000, 60, pp. 110-13

Effect Of Aluminum Oxide-blasted Implant Surface On The Bone Healing Around Implants In Rats Submitted To Continuous Administration Of Selective Cvclooxvaenase-2 Inhibitors

Purpose: The continual use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors may have a negative impact on bone repair around titanium implants. Because modified implant surfaces could be considered an important strategy to increase success rates in some conditions that interfere in bone healing, the aim of this study was to investigate whether an aluminum oxide (Al2bO 3)blasted implant surface could reduce the negative action promoted by the continuous administration of selective COX-2 inhibitors on bone healing around implants. Materials and Methods: Thirty Wistar rats received one titanium implant (machined or Al2O3-blasted surface) in each tibia and were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: saline (n = 14) or meloxicam (n = 16); each was administered daily for 60 days. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC), bone area (BA) within the limits of threads, and bone density (BD) in a zone lateral to the implant were examined in undecalcified sections. Results: The Al2O3-blasted surface resulted in significantly increased BIC in both groups, and meloxicam significantly reduced bone healing around implants (P < .05). For the machined surface, significant differences were observed for BIC (39.48 ± 10.18; 25.23 ± 9.29), BA (60.62 ± 4.09; 42.94 ± 8.12), and BD (56.31 ± 3.64; 49.30 ± 3.15) in the saline and meloxicam groups, respectively. For the Al2O3-biasted surface, data analysis also demonstrated significant differences for BIC (45.92 ± 11.34; 33.30 ± 7.56), BA (61.04 ± 4.39; 44.89 ± 7.11), and BD (58.77 ± 2.93; 50.04 ± 3.94) for the saline and meloxicam groups, respectively. Conclusions: The Al2O3-blasted surface may increase BIC; however, it does not reverse the negative effects promoted by a selective COX-2 inhibitor on bone healing around implants.242226233Adell, R., Lekholm, U., Rockler, B., Brȧnemark P-I.A 15-year study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw (1981) Int J Oral Surg, 10, pp. 387-416Lindquist L, Carlsson, G.E., Jemt, T.A., Prospective 15-year follow-up study of mandibular fixed prostheses supported by osseointegrated implants Clinical results and marginal bone loss (1996) Clin Oral Implants Res, 7, pp. 329-336Payne, J.B., Reinhardt, R.A., Nummikoski, P.V., Dunning, D.G., Patii, K.D., The association of cigarette smoking with alveolar bone loss in postmenopausal females (2000) J Clin Periodontol, 27, pp. 658-664Rapuri, P.B., Gallacher, J.C., Balhorn, K.E., Ryschon, K.L., Smoking and bone metabolism in elderly women (2000) Bone, 27, pp. 429-436César-Neto, J.B., Benatti, B.B., Sallum, E.A., Sallum, A.W., Nociti FH, Jr., Bone filling around titanium implants may benefit from smoking cessation: A histologic study in rats (2005) J Periodontol, 76, pp. 1476-1481Ribeiro, F.V., Cesar Neto, J.B., Nociti Jr, F.H., Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor may impair bone healing around titanium implants in rats (2006) J Periodontol, 77, pp. 1731-1735Lemmel, E.-M., Bolten, W., Burgos-Vargas, R., Platt, P., Nissila, M., Sahlberg, D., Bjorneboe, O., Distel, M., Efficacy and safety of meloxicam in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (1997) Journal of Rheumatology, 24 (2), pp. 282-290Sato, Y., Arai, N., Negishi, A., Ohya, K., Expression of cyclooxygenase genes and involvement of endogenous prostaglandin during osteogenesis in the rat tibial bone marrow cavity (1997) J Med Dent Sci, 44, pp. 81-92Arikawa, T., Omura, K., Morita I.Regulation of bone morpho- genetic protein-2 expression by endogenous prostaglandin E2 in human mesenchymal stem cells (2004) J Cell Physiol, 200, pp. 400-406Deligianni, D.D., Katsala, N., Ladas, S., Sotiropoulou, D., Amedee, J., Missirlis, Y.F., Effect of surface roughness of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V on human bone marrow cell response and on protein adsorption (2001) Biomaterials, 22 (11), pp. 1241-1251. , DOI 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00274-X, PII S014296120000274XSchwartz, Z., Boyan, B.D., Underlying mechanisms at the bone biomaterial interface (1994) J Cell Biochem, 56, pp. 340-347Lazzara Rjtestori Ttrisi, P., Porter, S.S., Weinstein, R.L., A human histological analysis of osseotites and machined surfaces using implants with 2 opposing surfaces (1999) Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 19, pp. 117-129Roccuzzo, M., Wilson, T.G., A prospective study evaluating a protocol for 6 weeks' loading of SLA implants in the posterior maxilla (2002) Clin Oral Implants Res, 13, pp. 502-507Lima, A.L., Fuchs-Wehrle, A.M., Lang, N.P., Surface characteristics of implants influence their bone integration after simultaneous placement of implant and GBR membrane (2003) Clin Oral Implants Res, 14, pp. 669-679Weng, D., Hoffmeyer, M., Hürzeler, M.B., Richter, E.J., The Osseotite vs machined surface in poor bone quality. A study in dogs. (2003) Clin Oral Implants Res, 14, pp. 703-708Morris, H.F., Ochi, S., Winkler, S., Implant survival in patients with type 2 diabetes: Placement to 36 months (2000) Ann Periodontol, 5, pp. 157-165Kumar, A., Jaffin, R.A., Berman C.The effect of smoking on achieving osseointegration of surface-modified implants: A clinical report (2002) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 17, pp. 816-819Nociti, F.H.J.R., César Neto, J.B., Carvalho, M.D., Sallum, E.A., Bone density around titanium implants may be influenced by intermittent cigarette smoke inhalation: A histometric study in rats (2002) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 17, pp. 347-352Bezerra, M.M., De Lima, V., Alencar, V.B., Al, E., Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor prevents alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis in rats (2000) J Periodontol, 71, pp. 1009-1014Bcv, G., Duarte, P.M., Jr N.Fh, Al, E., Impact of an antiinflammatory therapy and its withdrawal on the progression of experimental periodontitis in rats (2004) J Periodontol, 75, pp. 1613-1618Bcv, G., Ribeiro, F.V., Mad, S., Selective COX-2 inhibitor reduces bone healing in bone defects (2005) Braz Oral Res, 19, pp. 312-316Engelhardt, G., Homma, D., Schlegel, K., Utzman, R., Schnitzler, C., Antiinflammatory analgesic, antipyretic and related properties of meloxicam,a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with favorable gastrointestinal tolerance (1995) Inflamm Res, 44, pp. 423-433Engelhardt, G., Bogel, R., Schnitzer, C., Utzmann, R., Meloxicam: Influence on arachidonic acid metabolism Part un vitro findings (1996) Biochem Pharmacol, 51, pp. 21-28Engelhardt, G., Bogel, R., Schnitzler, C., Utzmann, R., Meloxicam: Influence on arachidonic acid metabolism. Part II in vivo findings (1996) Biochem Pharmacol, 51, pp. 29-38Donath, K., Breuner, G.A., A method for the study of undecalci- fied bones and teeth with attached soft tissue (1982) J Oral Pathol, 11, pp. 318-326Duarte, P.M., Gonçalves, P.F., Casati, M.Z., Sallum, E.A., Nociti FH, Jr., Age-related and surgically induced estrogen deficiencies may differently affect bone around titanium implants in rats (2005) J Periodontol, 76, pp. 1496-1501Zhang, X., Schqarz, E.M., Young, D.A., Puzas, J.E., Rosier, R.N., O'Keefe RJ.Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates mesenchymal cell differentiation into the osteoblast lineage and is critically involved in bone repair (2002) J Clin Invest, 109, pp. 1405-1415Simon, A.M., Manigrasso, M.B., O'Connor, J.P., Cyclooxygenase 2 function is essential for bone fracture healing (2002) J Bone Miner Res, 17, pp. 977-978Ducy, P., Zhang, R., Geoffroy, V., Ridali, A.L., Karsenty, G., Osf2/Cbfa1: A transcriptional activator of osteoblast differentiation (1997) Cell, 89, pp. 747-754Komori Tyagi, H., Nomura, S., Targeted disruption of cbfal results in a complete lack of bone formation owing to matura- tional arrest of osteoblasts (1997) Cell, 89, pp. 755-764Nakashima, K., Zhou, X., Kunkel, G., The novel zinc finger- containing transcription factor osterix is required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation (2002) Cell, 108, pp. 17-29Yagi Ktsuji, K., Nifuji, A., Bone morphogenetic protein-2 enhances osterix gene expression in chondrocytes (2003) J Cell Biochem, 88, pp. 1077-1083Yang, S., Wei, D., Wang, D., Phimphilai, M., Krebsbach, P.H., Franceschi, R.T., In vitro and in vivo synergistic interactions between the Runx2/Cbfa1 transcription factor and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in stimulating osteoblast differentiation (2003) J Bone Miner Res, 18, pp. 705-715Celil, A.B., Campbell, P.G., BMP-2 and insulin-like growth factor-l mediate Osterix (Osx) expression in human mesenchymal stem cells via the MAPK and protein kinase D signaling path- ways (2005) J Biol Chem, 280, pp. 31353-31359Lee, M.H., Kim, Y.J., Kim, H.J., BMP-2-induced Runx2 expression is mediated by Dlx5,and TGF-beta 1 opposes the BMP-2- induced osteoblast differentiation by suppression of Dlx5 expression (2003) J Biol Chem, 278, pp. 34387-34394Cheng, S.L., Shao, J.S., Charlton-Kachigian, N., Loewy AP.Towler DA.MSX2 promotes osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenic differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitors (2003) J Biol Chem, 278, pp. 45969-45977Jadlowiec, J., Koch, H., Zhang, X., Campbell, P.G., Seyedain, M., Sfeir, C., Phosphophoryn regulates the gene expression and differentiation of NIH3T3, MC3T3-E1, and human mesenchymal stem cells via the integrin/MAPK signaling pathway (2004) J Biol Chem, 279, pp. 53323-53330Reddy, M.S., Jeffcoat, M.K., Richardson, R.C., Assessment of adjunctive flurbiprofen therapy in root-form implant healing with digital subtraction radiography (1990) J Oral Implantol, 16, pp. 272-276Jacobsson, S.A., Djerf, K., Ivarsson, I., Wahlstrom, O., Effect of diclofenac on fixation of hydroxyapatite-coated implants: An experimental study (1994) J Bone Joint Surg Am, 76, pp. 831-833Wennerberg, A., Albrektsson, T., Andersson, B., Krol, J.J., A histomor- phometric and removal torque study of screw-shaped titanium implants with three different surface topographies (1995) Clin Oral Implants Res, 6, pp. 24-30Wennerberg Ahallgren, C., Johansson, C., Danelli, S., A histomor- phometric evaluation of screw-shaped implants each prepared with two surface roughnesses (1998) Clin Oral Implants Res, 9, pp. 11-19Stefani, C.M., Nogueira, F., Sallum, E.A., De Ts Sallum, A.W., Jr N.Fh, Influence of nicotine administration on different implant surfaces: A histometric study in rabbits (2002) J Periodontol, 73, pp. 206-212Buser, D., Schenk, R.K., Steinemann, S., Fiorellini, J.P., Ch, F., Stich, H., Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants:A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs (1991) J Biomed Mater Res, 25, pp. 889-902Keselowsky, B.G., Collard, D.M., Garcia, A.J., Surface chemistry modulates focal adhesion composition and signaling through changes in integrin binding (2004) Biomaterials, 25, pp. 5947-5954Martin, J.Y., Schwartz, Z., Hummert, T.W., Effect of titanium surface roughness on proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis of human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) (1995) J Biomed Mater Res, 29, pp. 389-401Hatano, K., Inoue, H., Kojo, T., Effect of surface roughness on proliferation and alkaline phosphatase expression of rat cal- varial cells cultured on polystyrene (1999) Bone, 25, pp. 439-445Harle, J., Salih, V., Olsen, I., Brett, P., Jones, F., Tonetti, M., Gene expression profiling of bone cells on smooth and rough titanium surfaces (2004) J Mater Sci Mater Med, 15, pp. 1255-125

Cigarette Smoke Inhalation Influences Bone Healing Of Post-extraction Tooth Socket: A Histometric Study In Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate, histometrically, the bone healing of the molar extraction socket just after cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI). Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to a test group (animals exposed to CSI, starting 3 days before teeth extraction and maintained until sacrifice; n=20) and a control group (animals never exposed to CSI; n=20). Second mandibular molars were bilaterally extracted and the animals (n=5/group/period) were sacrificed at 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after surgery. Digital images were analyzed according to the following histometric parameters: osteoid tissue (OT), remaining area (RA), mineralized tissue (MT) and non-mineralized tissue (NMT) in the molar socket. Intergroup analysis showed no significant differences at day 3 (p>0.05) for all parameters. On the 7th day, CSI affected negatively (p0.05) were found at days 10 and 14. It may be concluded that CSI may affect socket healing from the early events involved in the healing process, which may be critical for the amount and quality of new-bone formation in smokers.233228234Evian, C.I., Rosenberg, E.S., Coslet, J.G., Corn, H., The osteogenic activity of bone removed from healing extraction sockets in humans (1982) J Periodontol, 53, pp. 81-85Meechan, J.G., McGregor, I.D., Rogers, S.N., Hobson, R.S., Bate, J.P., Dennison, M., The effect of smoking on immediate post-extraction socket filling with blood and on the incidence of painful socket (1988) Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 26, pp. 402-409Jones, J.K., Triplett, R.G., The relationship of cigarette smoking to impaired intraoral wound healing: A review of evidence and implications for patient care (1992) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 50, pp. 237-240Yuhara, S., Kasagi, S., Inoue, A., Otsuka, E., Hirose, S., Hagiwara, H., Effects of nicotine on cultured cells suggest that it can influence the formation and resorption of bone (1999) Eur J Pharmacol, 383, pp. 387-393Tripton, D.A., Dabbous, M.K., Effects of nicotine on proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro (1995) J Periodontol, 66, pp. 1056-1064Pinto, J.R., Bosco, A.F., Okamoto, T., Guerra, J.B., Piza, I.G., Effects of nicotine on the healing of extraction sockets in rats. A histological study (2002) Braz Dent J, 13, pp. 3-9Henemyre, C.L., Scales, D.K., Hokett, S.D., Cuenin, M.F., Peacock, M.E., Parker, M.H., Nicotine stimulates osteoclast resorption in a porcine marrow cell model (2003) J Periodontol, 74, pp. 1440-1446Cattaneo, V., Cetta, G., Rota, C., Vezzoni, F., Rota, M.T., Gallanti, A., Boratto, R., Poggi, P., Volatile components of cigarette smoke: Effect of acrolein and acetaldehyde on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro (2000) J Periodontol, 71, pp. 425-432Ward, K.D., Klesges, R.C., A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density (2001) Calcif Tissue Int, 68, pp. 259-270Saldanha, J.B., Casati, M.Z., Neto, F.H., Sallum, E.A., Nociti Jr, F.H., Smoking may affect the alveolar process dimensions and radiographic bone density in maxillary extraction sites: A prospective study in humans (2006) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 64, pp. 1359-1365Vanscheeuwijck, P.M., Teredesai, A., Terpstra, P.M., Verbeeck, J., Kuhl, P., Gerstenberg, B., Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation toxicity (2002) Food Chem Toxicol, 40, pp. 113-131César-Neto, J.B., Duarte, P.M., Sallum, E.A., Barbieri, D., Moreno Jr, H., Nociti Jr, F.H., A comparative study on the effect of nicotine administration and cigarette smoke inhalation on bone healing around titanium implants (2003) J Periodontol, 74, pp. 1454-1459César-Neto, J.B., Benatti, B.B., Sallum, E.A., Casati, Nociti Jr, F.H., The influence of cigarette smoke inhalation and its cessation on the tooth-supporting alveolar bone: A histometric study in rats (2006) J Periodontal Res, 41, pp. 118-123César-Neto, J.B., Benatti, B.B., Sallum, E.A., Sallum, A.W., Nociti Jr, F.H., Bone filling around titanium implants may benefit from smoking cessation: A histologic study in rats (2005) J Periodontol, 76, pp. 1476-1481Benatti, B.B., César-Neto, J.B., Gonçalves, P.F., Sallum, E.A., Nociti Jr, F.H., Smoking affects the self-healing capacity of periodontal tissues. A histological study in the rat (2005) Eur J Oral Sci, 113, pp. 400-403Daftari, T.K., Whitesides Jr, T.E., Heller, J.G., Goodrich, A.C., McCarey, B.E., Hutton, W.C., Nicotine on the revascularization of bone graft. An experimental study in rabbits (1994) Spine, 19, pp. 904-911Giorgetti, A.P., Neto, J.B., Ruiz, K.G., Casati, M.Z., Sallum, E.A., Nociti Jr, F.H., Cigarette smoke inhalation modulates gene expression in sites of bone healing: A study in rats (2010) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 110, pp. 447-452Lappin, D.F., Sherrabeh, S., Jenkins, W.M.M., McPherson, L.M.D., Effect of smoking on serum RANKL and OPG in sex, age and clinically matched supportive-therapy periodontitis patients (2007) J Clin Periodontol, 34, pp. 271-277Bandyopadhyay, A., Tsuji, K., Cox, K., Harfe, B.D., Rosen, V., Tabin, C.J., Genetic analysis of the roles of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 in limb patterning and skeletogenesis (2006) PLoS Genet, 2, pp. e21

Gingival Recession Associated With Noncarious Cervical Lesions: Combined Periodontal-restorative Approach And The Treatment Of Long-term Esthetic Complications

The combined periodontalrestorative approach (that is, a connective tissue graft for root coverage and NCCL restoration with RMGI cement) has demonstrated significant root coverage and a good esthetic outcome. In some cases, though, the color of an RMGI restoration can change over time, compromising esthetics. In this situation, applying composite resin over an RMGI restoration can be a conservative approach to satisfy the patient's esthetic complaint. Long-term observation is necessary to evaluate the stability of the results and establish the success of this approach over time.604306311Wennstrom, J.L., Zucchelli, G., Increased gingival dimensions. A significant factor for successful outcome of root coverage procedures? A 2-year prospective clinical study (1996) J Clin Periodontol, 23 (8), pp. 770-777Loe, H., Anerud, A., Boysen, H., The natural history of periodontal disease in man: Prevalence, severity, and extent of gingival recession (1992) J Periodontol, 63 (6), pp. 489-495Bouchard, P., Malet, J., Borghetti, A., Decision-making in aesthetics: Root coverage revisited (2000) Periodontol, 2001 (27), pp. 97-120Francisconi, L.F., Scaffa, P.M., De Barros, V.R., Coutinho, M., Francisconi, P.A., Glass ionomer cements and their role in the restoration of non-carious cervical lesions (2009) J Appl Oral Sci, 17 (5), pp. 364-369Zucchelli, G., Testori, T., De Sanctis, M., Clinical and anatomical factors limiting treatment outcomes of gingival recession: A new method to predetermine the line of root coverage (2006) J Periodontol, 77 (4), pp. 714-721Pini-Prato, G., Franceschi, D., Cairo, F., Nieri, M., Rotundo, R., Classification of dental surface defects in areas of gingival recession (2010) J Periodontol, 81 (6), pp. 885-890Santamaria, M.P., Suaid, F.F., Casati, M.Z., Nociti, F.H., Sallum, A.W., Sallum, E.A., Coronally positioned flap plus RMGI restoration for the treatment of gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesions: A randomized controlled clinical trial (2008) J Periodontol, 79 (4), pp. 621-628Santamaria, M.P., Da Silva Feitosa, D., Nociti Jr., F.H., Casati, M.Z., Sallum, A.W., Sallum, E.A., Cervical restoration and the amount of soft tissue coverage achieved by coronally advanced flap: A 2-year follow-up randomized-controlled clinical trial (2009) J Clin Periodontol, 36 (5), pp. 434-441Santamaria, M.P., Suaid, F.F., Nociti Jr., F.H., Casati, M.Z., Sallum, A.W., Sallum, E.A., Periodontal surgery and glass ionomer restoration in the treatment of gingival recession associated with a non-carious cervical lesion: Report of three cases (2007) J Periodontol, 78 (6), pp. 1146-1153Santamaria, M.P., Ambrosano, G.M., Casati, M.Z., Nociti Junior, F.H., Sallum, A.W., Sallum, E.A., Connective tissue graft plus RMGI restoration for the treatment of gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesion: A randomizedcontrolled clinical trial (2009) J Clin Periodontol, 36 (9), pp. 791-798Gladys, S., Van Meerbeek, B., Braem, M., Lambrechts, P., Vanherle, G., Comparative physico-mechanical characterization of new hybrid restorative materials with conventional glass-ionomer and resin composite restorative materials (1997) J Dent Res, 76 (4), pp. 883-894Camargo, P.M., Lagos, R.A., Lekovic, V., Wolinsky, L.E., Soft tissue root coverage as treatment for cervical abrasion and caries (2001) Gen Dent, 49 (3), pp. 299-304Dragoo, M.R., Resin-ionomer and hybrid-ionomer cements: Part I. Comparison of three materials for the treatment of subgingival root lesions (1996) Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 16 (6), pp. 594-601Dragoo, M.R., Resin-ionomer and hybrid-ionomer cements: Part II, human clinical and histologic wound healing responses in specific periodontal lesions (1997) Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 17 (1), pp. 75-87Lucchesi, J.A., Santos, V.R., Amaral, C.M., Peruzzo, D.C., Duarte, P.M., Coronally positioned flap for treatment of restored root surfaces: A 6-month clinical evaluation (2007) J Periodontol, 78 (4), pp. 615-623Folwaczny, M., Mehl, A., Kunzelmann, K.H., Hickel, R., Determination of changes on tooth-colored cervical restorations in vivo using a threedimensional laser scanning device (2000) Eur J Oral Sci, 108 (3), pp. 233-238Powell, L.V., Johnson, G.H., Gordon, G.E., Factors associated with clinical success of cervical abrasion/ erosion restorations (1995) Oper Dent, 20 (1), pp. 7-13Samorodnitzky-Naveh, G.R., Geiger, S.B., Levin, L., Patients' satisfaction with dental esthetics (2007) J Am Dent Assoc, 138 (6), pp. 805-808Santos, V.R., Lucchesi, J.A., Cortelli, S.C., Amaral, C.M., Feres, M., Duarte, P.M., Effects of glass ionomer and microfilled composite subgingival restorations on periodontal tissue and subgingival biofilm: A 6-month evaluation (2007) J Periodontol, 78 (8), pp. 1522-1528Franco, E.B., Benetti, A.R., Ishikiriama, S.K., Santiago, S.L., Lauris, J.R., Jorge, M.F., Navarro, M.F., 5-year clinical performance of resin composite versus resin modified glass ionomer restorative system in non-carious cervical lesions (2006) Oper Dent, 31 (4), pp. 403-40

Short implants versus bone augmentation in combination with standard-length implants in posterior atrophic partially edentulous mandibles : systematic review and meta-analysis with the Bayesian approach

The use of short implants as an alternative to bone reconstruction techniques for the placement of standard-length dental implants is a debated topic. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to assist in the clinical decision making about the most appropriate approach for the fixed rehabilitation of the posterior atrophic partially edentulous lower jaws. Only randomized trials with at least 1-year follow-up were included. Of the 1024 studies initially retrieved, 14 articles were selected and independently evaluated by two reviewers. Finally, four studies were included, and underwent data extraction and meta-analysis with the Bayesian approach. Both treatment approaches provide high implant survival rate after 1year of function. However, the probability of survival rate of short implants being greater than standard length implants is 84%, and the probability of complications using short implants being greater than standard-length implants is 15.7%. In spite of similar survival rates when the residual bone is sufficient for placement of short implants, the latter should be preferred to augmentation techniques and standard-length implants due to fewer complications, lower morbidity and greater comfort for patients

Steroidal And Non-steroidal Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Anti-inflammatory Drugs As Pre-emptive Medication In Patients Undergoing Periodontal Surgery

The aim of the present study was to compare the pre-emptive use of a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with a well established steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for pain and edema relief following periodontal surgery for crown lengthening. Thirty patients requiring periodontal surgery were randomly assigned to receive one of the following medications: selective COX-2 inhibitor or steroidal antiinflammatory drug, 60 min before the surgical procedure. To examine patient anxiety, a Corah's dental anxiety scale was applied before surgery. Using a visual analog scale, the extent of pain/discomfort during the trans-operative period and immediately after the surgery was measured. Additionally, intensity of pain/discomfort and edema were examined 4, 8, 12 and 24 h postoperatively. With regard to anxiety, no statistical differences between the groups were observed (p>0.05). With respect to the extent of pain/discomfort during the trans-operative, immediate and late postoperative period, data demonstrated no significant differences (p>0.05) between the COX-2 inhibitor and steroidal groups. With regard to edema, intragroup analysis did not reveal any statistically significant difference (p>0.05) during the 24 h following surgery in either group. In conclusion, both anti-inflammatory drugs presented a similar potential for pain and edema relief following periodontal surgery.236621628Pontoriero, R., Carnevale, G., Surgical crown lengthening: A 12-month clinical wound healing study (2001) J Periodontol, 72, pp. 841-848fDeas, D.E., Moritz, A.J., McDonnell, H.T., Powell, C.A., Mealey, B.L., Osseous surgery for crown lengthening: A 6-month clinical study (2004) J Periodontol, 75, pp. 1288-1294Vogel, R.I., Gross, J.I., The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics on pain after periodontal surgery (1984) J Am Dent Assoc, 109, pp. 731-734Silva, R.C.L., Riera, R., Saconato, H., Lumiracoxib for acute postoperative dental pain: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials (2011) São Paulo Med J, 129, pp. 335-345Piecuch, J.F., What strategies are helpful in the operative management of third molars? (2012) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 70, pp. s25-s32Qi, D.S., May, L.G., Zimmerman, B., Peng, P., Atillasoy, E., Brown, J.D., A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of acetaminophen 1000 mg versus acetaminophen 650 mg for the treatment of postsurgical dental pain (2012) Clin Ther, 34, pp. 2247-2258Pilatti, G.L., dos Santos, A.F., Bianchi, A., Cavassim, R., Tozetto, C.W., The use of celecoxib and dexamethasone for the prevention and control of postoperative pain after periodontal surgery (2006) J Periodontol, 77, pp. 1809-1814Laureano-Filho, J.R., Maurette, P.E., Allais, M., Cotinho, M., Fernandes, C., Clinical comparative study of the effectiveness of two dosages of dexamethasone to control postoperative swelling, trismus and pain after the surgical extraction of mandibular impacted third molars (2008) Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 13, pp. 129-132Moore, P.A., Hersh, E.V., Celecoxib and rofecoxib: The role of COX-2 inhibitors in dental practice (2001) J Am Dent Assoc, 132, pp. 451-456Emery, P., Considerations for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy: Benefits (1996) Scand J Rheumatol Suppl, 105, pp. 5-9Esser, R.E., Miserendino-Molteni, R., Sharr, M., Zhang, X., Porter, W., Ramos, L., Pharmacodynamic behaviour of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor lumiracoxib in the lipopolysaccharidestimulated rat air pouch model (2005) Eur J Pharm Sci, 25, pp. 25-30López, C.C., Martínez, G.J.M., Donado, R.M., The use of methylprednisolone versus diclofenac in the treatment of inflammation and trismus after surgical removal of lower third molars (2006) Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 1, pp. 440-445Ainamo, J., Bay, I., Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque (1975) Int Dent J, 25, pp. 229-235Muhlemann, H.R., Son, S., Gingival sulcus bleeding-a leading symptom in initial gingivitis (1971) Helv Odontol Acta, 15, pp. 107-113Corah, N.L., Development of a dental anxiety scale (1969) J Dent Res, 48, p. 596Savage, M.G., Henry, M.A., Preoperative nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents: Review of the literature (2004) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 98, pp. 146-152Vogel, R.I., Desjardins, P.J., Major, K.V.O., Comparison of presurgical and immediate postsurgical ibuprofen on postoperative periodontal pain (1992) J Periodontol, 63, pp. 914-918Desjardins, P.J., Shu, V.S., Recker, D.P., Verburg, K.M., Woolf, C.J., A single preoperative oral dose of valdecoxib, a new cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor, relieves post-oral surgery or bunionectomy pain (2002) Anesthesiology, 97, pp. 565-573Esen, E., Tasar, F., Akhan, O., Determination of the anti-inflammatory effects of methylprednisolone on the sequelae of third molar surgery (1999) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 57, pp. 1201-1206Philstrom, B.L., Hargreaves, K.M., Bouwsma, O.J., Myers, W.R., Goodale, M.B., Doyle, M.J., Pain after periodontal scaling and root planing (1999) J Am Dent Assoc, 130, pp. 801-807Ribeiro, F.V., Nociti-Junior, F.H., Sallum, E.A., Casati, M.Z., Use of enamel matrix protein derivative with minimally invasive surgical approach in intra-bony periodontal defects: Clinical an patientcentered outcomes (2010) Braz Dent J, 21, pp. 60-67Curtis Jr., J.W., McLain, J.B., Hutchinson, R.A., The incidence of complications and pain following periodontal surgery (1985) J Periodontol, 56, pp. 597-601Zelenakas, K., Fricke Jr., J.R., Jayawardene, S., Kellstein, D., Analgesic efficacy of single oral doses of lumiracoxib and ibuprofen in patients with postoperative dental pain (2004) Int J Clin Pract, 58, pp. 251-256Macdonald, T.M., Richard, D., Lheritier, K., Krammer, G., The effects of lumiracoxib 100 mg once daily vs. ibuprofen 600 mg three times daily on the blood pressure profiles of hypertensive osteoarthritis patients taking different classes of antihypertensive agents (2010) Int J Clin Pract, 64, pp. 746-75

Cigarette smoke inhalation modulates gene expression in sites of bone healing: a study in rats

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI) on gene expression in alveolar bone healing sites. Study design: Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the groups: control [animals not exposed to CSI (n = 20)] and test [animals exposed to CSI, starting 3 days before teeth extraction and maintained until killing them (n = 20)]. First mandibular molars were bilaterally extracted, and the expression of alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and 7, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and d2 isoform of vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase V0 domain were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the newly formed tissue in the sockets. Results: Overall, data analysis demonstrated that CSI significantly affected the expression pattern of all of the studied genes except BMP-7. Conclusion: The expression of key genes for bone healing may be affected by CSI in tooth extraction sites.110444745

Comparative In Vitro Study Of Root Roughness After Instrumentation With Ultrasonic And Diamond Tip Sonic Scaler

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the root surface roughness after instrumentation with hand curette and diamond-coated sonic and universal ultrasonic tips. Materials and Methods: Forty root surfaces of human teeth were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: control group (without instrumentation), curette instrumentation, ultrasonic instrumentation with universal tip and sonic instrumentation with diamond-coated tip. Each sample was instrumented with fifteen strokes. Before and after instrumentation, surface roughness was measured. In addition, the root surface topography was examined after treatment under the scanning electron microscope. Results: Significant statistical differences (p0.05). Conclusion: The diamond-coated tip with sonic scaler instrumentation and ultrasonic instrumentation produce similar root surface roughness, higher than curette instrumentation.142124129Auplish, G., Needleman, I.G., Moles, D.R., Newman, H.N., Diamond-coated sonic tips are more efficient for open debridement of molar furcations. A comparative manikin study (2000) J Clin Periodontol, 27 (5), pp. 302-307Axelsson, P., Lindhe, J., The significance of maintenance care in the treatment of periodontal disease (1981) J Clin Periodontol, 8, pp. 281-294Caffesse, R.G., Sweeney, P.L., Smith, B.A., Scaling and root planning with and without periodontal flap Surgery (1986) J Clin Periodontol, 13, pp. 205-210Chapple, I.L., Walmsley, A.D., Saxby, M.S., Moscrop, H., Effect of instrument power setting during ultrasonic scaling upon treatment outcome (1995) J Periodontol, 66 (9), pp. 756-760Copulos, T.A., Low, S.B., Walker, C.B., Trebilcock, Y.Y., Hefti, A.F., Comparative analysis between a modified ultrasonic tip and hand instruments on clinical parameters of periodontal disease (1993) J Periodontol, 64 (8), pp. 694-700Dragoo, M., A clinical evaluation of hand and ultrasonic instruments on subgigival debridment. Part I. With unmodified and modified ultrasonic inserts (1992) Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 12, pp. 311-323Drisko, C.L., Cochran, D.L., Blieden, T., Bouwsma, O.J., Cohen, R.E., Damoulis, P., Position paper: Sonic and ultrasonic scalers in periodontics (2000) J Periodontol, 71 (11), pp. 1792-1801. , Research, Science and Therapy Committee of the American Academy of PeriodontologyEschler, B.M., Rapley, J.W., Mechanical and chemical root preparation in vitro: Efficiency of plaque and calculus removal (1991) J Periodontol, 62 (12), pp. 755-760Flemmig, T.F., Petersilka, G.J., Mehl, A., Hickel, R., Klaiber, B., The effect of working parameters on root substance removal using a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler in vitro (1998) J Clin Periodontol, 25 (2), pp. 158-163Jotikasthira, N.E., Lie, T., Leknes, K.N., Comparative in vitro studies of sonic, ultrasonic and reciprocating scaling instruments (1992) J Clin Periodontol, 19 (8), pp. 560-569Khatiblou, F.A., Ghodossi, A., Root surface smoothness or roughness in periodontal treatment. A clinical study (1983) J Periodontol, 54, pp. 365-367Kishida, M., Sato, S., Ito, K., Effects of a new ultrasonic scaler on.broblast attachment to root surfaces: A scanning electron microscopy analysis (2004) J Periodontal Res, 39, pp. 111-119Kocher, T., Fanghanel, J., Sawaf, H., Lits, R., Substance loss caused by scaling with different sonic scaler inserts - An in vitro study (2001) J Clin Periodontol, 28 (1), pp. 9-15Kocher, T., Gutshe, C., Plagmann, H.C., Instrumentation of furcation with modified sonic scaler inserts: Study on manikins, part I (1998) J Clin Periodontol, 25 (5), pp. 388-393Kocher, T., Plagmann, H.C., The diamond-coated sonic scaler tip. Part II: Loss of substance and alteration of root surface texture after different scaling modalities (1997) Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 17 (5), pp. 484-493Kocher, T., Plagmann, H.C., Root debridement of single-rooted teeth with a diamond-coated sonic scaler inserts during flap surgery - A pilot study (1999) J Clin Periodontol, 26 (4), pp. 201-205Kocher, T., Plagmann, H.C., Root debridement of molars with furcation involvement using diamond-coated sonic scaler inserts during flap surgery - A pilot study (1999) J Clin Periodontol, 26 (8), pp. 525-530Kocher, T., Tersic-Orth, Plagmann, H.C., Instrumentation of furcation with modified sonic scaler inserts: Study on manikins, part II (1998) J Clin Periodontol, 25 (6), pp. 451-456Lang, N.P., Indications and rationale for non-surgical periodontal therapy (1983) Int Dent J, 33 (2), pp. 127-136Leknes, K.N., Lie, T., Influence of polishing procedures on sonic scaling root surface roughness (1991) J Periodontol, 62, pp. 659-662Leknes, K.N., Lie, T., Boe, O.E., Selvig, K.A., A correlation study of inflammatory cell mobilization in response to subgingival microbial colonization (1997) J Periodontol, 68, pp. 67-72Leknes, K.N., Lie, T., Wikesjo, U.M., Boe, O.E., Selvig, K.A., Influence of tooth instrumentation roughness on gingival tissue reactions (1996) J Periodontol, 67 (3), pp. 197-204Leknes, K.N., Lie, T., Wikesjo, U.M., Bogle, G.C., Selvig, K.A., Influence of tooth instrumentation roughness on subgingival microbial colonization (1994) J Periodontol, 65, pp. 303-308Lie, T., Leknes, K.N., Evaluation of the effect on root surfaces of air turbine scalers and ultrasonic instrumentation (1985) J Periodontol, 56 (9), pp. 522-531Mierau, H.D., Relations between plaque formation, tooth surface roughness and self-cleaning (1984) Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 39 (9), pp. 691-698Oberholzer, R., Rateitschak, K.H., Root cleaning or root smoothing. An in vivo study (1996) J Clin Periodontol, 23 (4), pp. 326-330Quirynen, M., Bollen, C.M., The influence of surface roughness and surface-free energy on supra- and subgingival plaque formation in man. A review of the literature (1995) J Clin Periodontol, 22 (1), pp. 1-14Rosenberg, R.M., Ash Jr., M.M., The effect of root roughness on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation (1974) J Periodontol, 45 (3), pp. 146-150Rosling, B., Nyman, S., Lindhe, J., Jern, B., The healing potential of the periodontal tissues following different techniques of periodontal surgery in plaque-free dentitions. A 2-year clinical study (1976) J Clin Periodontol, 3 (4), pp. 233-250Schmidlin, P.R., Beuchat, M., Busslinger, A., Lehmann, B., Lutz, F., Tooth substance loss resulting from mechanical, sonic and ultrasonic root instrumentation assessed by liquid scintillation (2001) J Clin Periodontol, 28 (11), pp. 1058-106