Water activated ionic conduction in cross-linked polyelectrolytes

The electrical properties of polyelectrolytes depend on the water concentration of the environment. The behaviour of both conductance and capacitance caused by variations in relative humidity and temperature was investigated by impedance spectroscopy for humidity sensors based on an interpenetrated network of a polymer and a polyelectrolyte. The results were interpreted on the base of the Langmuir and Kelvin equations and two different sensing mechanisms were highlighted for low and high water content

"Solid state charge trapping": Examples of polymer systems showing memory effect

The paper reports on a characteristic property of electroactive materials bearing an electron-rich and an electron-poor moiety, known as charge trapping. As examples of materials that exhibit this phenomenon, films of poly(4,4"-dipentoxy-4\u27-(2,2\u27-dicyano)ethenyl-2,2\u27:5\u27,2"-terthiophene), poly(2,3-dihexylthieno[3,4-b]pyrazine) and a blend between a fulleropyrrolidine derivative and poly(3-hexylthiophene) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. In the cyclic voltammetry, the reduction processes show the reverse oxidation potential about 1 V higher than the expected value, indicating a strong stabilization of the corresponding anion species. The mechanism leading to the stabilisation of the anions is discussed and the results indicate that the investigated materials exhibit a remarkable and quite stable memory effect

A solid-state electrochromic device based on complementary polypyrrole polythiophene derivatives and an elastomeric electrolyte

A device was assembled using optically transparent glass electrodes and combining two complementary electrochromic polymeric materials, poly(4,4'-dipentoxy-2,2'-bithiophene) and poly(N,N'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrrole). As electrolyte we used an ionically conductive polymer; poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide) containing a lithium salt. The optical contrast in the visible/near infrared region, stability to repeated redox cycles and electrochromic efficiency are reported and discussed.29675375

Properties of a Fullerene-Azothiophene Dyad as the Active Layer in Solar Cells

The cycloaddition of azomethine ylides has been used to covalently link the thienylazobenzeneamine 2 to [60]fullerene. When the resulting donor-acceptor dyad 1, with an enhanced absorption in the Vis region, was used as the active layer of a photovoltaic cell, a power conversion efficiency of 0.16% was obtained, under 80 mW cm-2 white light illumination

A New Configuration Of The Solid-state Battery: Magnesium|polymer Proton Conductor|gold, Based On The Use Of Poly(o-methoxyaniline)

A solid-state battery was constructed by interfacing a pressed pellet of poly(o-methoxyaniline), in the emeraldine form with p-toluene sulfonic acid as doping agent, to a magnesium electrode covered with a film of magnesium perchlorate; the contact on the poly(o-methoxyaniline) was done by means of a gold electrode. The so-obtained cell, Mg|magnesium perchlorate|poly(o-methoxyaniline)|gold, was able to supply energy with a power depending on discharge current and on environmental humidity. Values of power up to 2.5 mW cm-2 at discharge currents of about 2 mA cm-2 were reached. © 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.9013136Gemeay, A.H., Nishiyama, H., Kuwabata, S., Yoneyama, H., (1995) J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, p. 4190Momma, T., Kakuda, S., Yarimizu, H., Osaka, T., (1995) J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, p. 1766Tsutsumi, H., Fukuzawa, S., Ishikawa, M., Morita, M., Matsuda, Y., (1995) J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, pp. L168Morita, M., Miyazaki, S., Ishikawa, M., Matsuda, Y., Tajima, H., Adachi, K., Anan, F., (1995) J. Power Sources, 54, p. 214Barbero, C., Miras, M.C., Schnyder, B., Haas, O., Kotz, R., (1994) J. Mater. Chem., 4, p. 1775Gauthier, M., Belanger, A., Bouchard, P., Kapfer, B., Ricard, S., Vassort, G., Armand, M., Krause, L., (1995) J. Power Sources, 54, p. 163Scrosati, B., Neat, R.J., (1993) Application of Electroactive Polymers, p. 182. , B. Scrosati (ed.), Chapman and Hall, LondonBoinowitz, T., Suden, G.T., Tormin, U., Krohn, H., Beck, F., (1995) J. Power Sources, 56, p. 179Capuano, F., Casalbore-Miceli, G., Giro, G., Scrosati, B., (1994) J. Appl. Electochem., 24, p. 114Camaioni, N., Casalbore-Miceli, G., Martelli, A., Yang, M.J., (1997) J. Appl. Electrochem., 27Kumar, G., Sivashanmugam, A., Muniyandi, N., Dhawan, S.K., Trivedi, D.C., (1996) Synth. Met., 80, p. 279Gazotti W.A., Jr., De Paoli, M.-A., Synth. Met., , in pressPourbaix, M., (1966) Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions, p. 101. , Pergamon Press, Oxfor

Photoelectrical Properties Of The System Ito/poly(4,4″-dipenthoxy-3′-dodecyl-2,2′:5′, 2″-terthiophene)/al: Effect Of Electrosynthesis Conditions

The photoelectrical properties of the system ITO/poly(4,4″-dipenthoxy-3′-dodecyl-2,2′:5′, 2″-terthiophene)/aluminium are strongly dependent on the electrochemical preparation parameters of the polymer. In particular the polymerization temperature has a significant influence on the photoelectronic characteristics of polymer. The best properties were attained with polymers prepared at higher temperatures (32-40 °C).313335339Menon, R., Charge transport in conducting polymers (1997) Handbook of Conductive Molecules and Polymers, 4, p. 47. , H.S. Nalwa (Ed.), J. Wiley & Sons, ChichesterKohlman, R.S., Epstein, A.J., Insulator-metal transition in inhomogeneous metallic state in conducting polymers (1998) Handbook of Conducting Polymers, p. 85. , T.A. Skotheim, R.L. Elsenbaumer and J.R. Reynolds (Eds), Marcel Dekker, New YorkRoncali, J., (1992) Chem. Rev., 92, p. 711McCullough, R.D., (1998) Adv. Mater., 10, p. 93Leclerc, M., Diaz, F.M., Wegner, G., (1989) Makromol. Chem., 190, p. 3105Glenis, S., Horowitz, G., Tourillon, G., Garnier, F., (1984) Thin Solid Films, 111, p. 93Camaioni, N., Casalbore-Miceli, G., Beggiato, G., Cristani, M., Summonte, C., (2000) Thin Solid Films, 366, p. 211Rodriguez, J., Grande, H.-J., Otero, T.F., Polypyrroles: From basic research to technological applications , 2, p. 415. , H.S. Nalwa (Ed), see [1], and references thereinTanaka, K., Shichiri, T., Yamabe, T., (1986) Synth. Met., 16, p. 207Gholomian, M., Contractor, A.Q., (1988) J. Electroanal. Chem., 252, p. 291Zotti, G., Electrochemical synthesis of polyheterocycles and their application , 2, p. 137. , H.S. Nalwa (Ed.), see [1]Ogasawara, M., Funahashi, K., Iwara, K., (1985) Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 118, p. 159Ogasawara, M., Funahashi, K., Demura, K., Hagiwara, T., Iwara, K., (1986) Synth. Met., 14, p. 61Takakubo, M., (1986) Synth. Met., 16, p. 167Mitchell, G.R., Geri, A., (1987) J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 20, p. 1346Roncali, J., Yassar, A., Garnier, F., (1988) J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., p. 581Yassar, A., Roncali, J., Garnier, F., (1989) Macromolecules, 22, p. 804Casalbore-Miceli, G., Camaioni, N., Geri, A., Berlin, A., Campesato, R., (1999) Electrochim. Acta, 44, p. 4781Yu, G., Gao, J., Hummelen, J.C., Wudl, F., Heeger, A.J., (1995) Science, 270, p. 1789Zotti, G., Marin, R.A., Gallazzi, M.C., (1997) Chem. Mater., 9, p. 2945Hagler, T.W., Pakbaz, K., Voss, K.F., Heeger, A., (1991) J. Phys. Rev. B, 44, p. 8652Andersson, M.R., Selse, D., Berggren, M., Jarvinen, H., Hjertberg, T., Inganas, O., Wennerstrom, O., Osterholm, J.E., (1994) Macromolecules, 27, p. 6503Rughooputh, S.D.D.V., Hotta, S., Heeger, A.J., Wudl, F., (1987) J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys., 25, p. 1071Mårdalen, J., Samuelsen, E.J., Gautun, O.R., Carlsen, H.J., (1993) Makromol. Chem., 194, p. 2483Mårdalen, J., Fell, A.H., Samuelsen, E.J., Bakken, E., Carlsen, H.J., Andersson, M.R., (1995) Macromol. Chem. Phys., 196, p. 553Glenis, S., Horowitz, G., Tourillon, G., Garnier, F., (1984) Thin Solid Films, 111, p. 93Glenis, S., Tourillon, G., Garnier, F., (1986) Thin Solid Films, 130, p. 221Bube, R.H., (1992) Photoelectronic Properties of Semiconductors, , Cambridge University Press, CambridgeYu, G., Pakbaz, K., Heeger, A.J., (1994) Appl. Phys. Lett., 64, p. 3422Yu, G., Heeger, A.J., (1995) J. Appl. Phys., 78, p. 4510Yu, G., Wang, J., McElvain, J., Heeger, A.J., (1998) Adv. Mater., 10, p. 143

Photoelectrical properties of the system ITO/poly(4,4 '-dipenthoxy-3 '-dodecyl-2,2 ': 5 ',2 '-terthiophene)/Al: Effect of electrosynthesis conditions

The photoelectrical properties of the system ITO/poly(4,4"-dipenthoxy-3'-dodecyl-2,2':5',2"-terthiophene)/aluminium are strongly dependent on the electrochemical preparation parameters of the polymer. In particular the polymerization temperature has a significant influence on the photoelectronic characteristics of polymer. The best properties were attained with polymers prepared at higher temperatures (32-40 degreesC).31333533

Conductive Polymer Blends As Electrochromic Materials

Conductive polymer blends were prepared mixing conductive and insulating polymers and their electrochemical and electrochromic properties were studied. Depending on the insulator matrix used, these properties are not changed. Blend containing polyacrylonitrile and poly(o-methoxyaniline) doped with p-toluene sulfonic acid presents the same electrochemical and electrochromic behavior as the pure conducting polymer. Other blends studied were those obtained by combining poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide) with poly(o-methoxyaniline) and poly(4,4′-dipentoxy-2,2′-bithiophene). An electrochromic device using these polymer blends and a liquid electrolyte was assembled and presented Δ%T620nm=56%. This contrast decreased after 300 double potential steps to 33%.441219651971Echte, A., (1993) Handbuch der Technischen Polymerchemie, p. 663. , VCH Verlag, WeinheimOsaka, T., Ogano, S., Naoi, K., (1989) J. Electrochem. Soc., 136, p. 306Noufi, R., Nozik, A.J., White, J., Warren, L.F., (1982) J. Electrochem. Soc., 129, p. 226Josowiaz, M., Janata, J., (1986) J. Anal. Chem., 58, p. 514Bull, R.A., Fan, F.R., Bard, A.J., (1984) J. Electrochem. Soc., 131, p. 687Heinze, J., (1991) Synth. Met., 41, p. 2085Laakso, J., Osterholm, J-E., Nyholm, P., Stubb, H., Punnka, E., (1990) Synth. Met., 37, p. 145Gonçalves, D., Waddon, A., Karasz, F.E., Akcerlud, L., (1995) Synth. Met., 74, p. 197Chen, Y., Qian, R., Li, G., Li, Y., (1991) Polym. Commun., 32, p. 189De Paoli, M.-A., Peres, R.C.D., Duek, E.A.R., Pandalai, S.G., (1994) Current Topics in Electrochemistry, 3, p. 409. , (Eds.), Council of Scientific Information, TrivandrumMastragostino, M., Scrosati, B., (1993) Applications of Electroactive Polymers, p. 223. , (Eds.), Chapman & Hall, LondonScrosati, B., Scrosati, B., (1993) Applications of Electroactive Polymers, p. 299. , (Eds.), Chapman & Hall, LondonMastragostino, M., Marinangeli, A.M., Corradini, A., Giacobbe, C., (1989) Synth. Met., 28, p. 501Gustafson, J.C., Inganas, O., (1994) Synth. Met., 62, p. 17Roncali, J., Garnier, F., (1988) J. Phys. Chem., 92, p. 833Gazotti Jr, W.A., De Paoli, M-A., (1996) Synth. Met., 80, p. 263De Paoli, M-A., Waltman, R.J., Diaz, A.F., Bargon, J., (1984) J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1015Mano, V., Felisberti, M.I., Matencio, T., De Paoli, M-A., (1996) Polymer, 37, p. 5165De Paoli, M-A., Maia, D.J., (1994) J. Mater. Chem., 4, p. 1799Malmonge, L.F., Mattoso, L.H.C., (1995) Polymer, 36, p. 245Geniès, E.M., Boyle, A., Lapkowski, M., Tsintavis, C., (1990) Synth. Met., 36, p. 139Huang, W-S., Humphrey, B.D., MacDiarmid, A.G., (1986) J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 82, p. 2385Watanabe, A., Mori, K., Mikuni, M., Nakamura, Y., Matsuda, M., (1989) Macromolecules, 22, p. 3323Gazotti W.A., Jr., Jannini, M.J.D.M., Córdoba De Torresi, S.I., De Paoli, M.-A., (1998) J. Electroanal. Chem., , in pressGazotti W.A., Jr., Faez, R., De Paoli, M.-A., (1996) J. Electroanal. Chem., 415, p. 107Zotti, G., Gallazzi, M.C., Zerbi, G., Meille, S.V., (1995) Synth. Met., 73, p. 217Arbizzani, C., Mastragostino, M., Meneghello, L., Morselli, M., Zanelli, A., (1996) J. Appl. Electrochem., 26, p. 121Silva, G.G., Lemes, N.H., Polo Da Fonseca, C.M.N., De Paoli, M-A., (1996) Solid State Ionics, 93, p. 105Duek, E.A.R., De Paoli, M-A., Mastragostino, M., (1993) Adv. Mater., 5, p. 650De Paoli, M-A., Zanelli, A., Mastragostino, M., Rocco, A.M., (1997) J. Electroanal. Chem., 435, p. 21