Construction Cost Sensitivity of a Lignocellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery

The technology has been developed to convert feedstock with cellulose content into ethanol. However, ethanol produced from cellulosic feedstock is the same as ethanol distilled from grain. The objective of research is to determine the price per gallon of ethanol needed so that producing lignocellulosic based ethanol become economically feasible.Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics,

4 MW Fast Wave Current Drive Upgrade for DIII-D

The DIII-D program has just completed a major addition to its ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) systems. This upgrade project added two new fast wave current drive (FWCD) systems, with each system consisting of a 2 MW, 30 to 120 MHz transmitter, ceramic insulated transmission lines and tuner elements, and water-cooled four-strap antenna. With this addition of 4 MW of FWCD power to the original 2 MW, 30 to 60 MHz capability, experiments can be performed that will explore advanced tokamak plasma configurations by using the centrally localized current drive to effect current profile modifications

Variation in in vitro α-amylase and protease activity is related to the virulence of Aspergillus flavus isolates

Variation in the ability of Aspergillus flavus isolates to spread between cotton boll locules was previously shown to be at least partially related to variation in the production of a specific polygalacturonase (pectinase P2C). To determine if nonpectolytic hydrolase differences between low- and high-virulence isolates exist and, thus, could also potentially contribute to virulence differences, the present investigation was undertaken. Two A, flavus isolates, AFl2 with low virulence and lacking pectinase P2C and AF13 with high virulence and producing pectinase P2C, were compared for production of nonpectolytic hydrolases after growth in 10% potato dextrose broth. Activity of amylases, cellulases, xylanases, and proteases was quantified using the radial diffusion/cup plate technique followed by differential staining. Culture filtrates also were subjected to native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both isolates produced amylases, proteases, and xylanases, whereas cellulases were not detected for either. AF13 produced more amylase than AF12, and this difference was supported by amylase isoform differences between isolates on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels. AF13 also produced more protease than AF12; however, isoform differences between isolates were inconclusive. These variations in other hydrolytic activities (besides pectinases) may contribute to virulence differences in cotton bolls between AF12 and AF13

Upgrade of the DIII-D RF systems

The DIII-D Advanced Tokamak Program requires the ability to modify the current density profile for extended time periods in order to achieve the improved plasma conditions now achieved with transient means. To support this requirement DIII-D has just completed a major addition to its ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) systems. This upgrade project added two new fast wave current drive (FWCD) systems, with each system consisting of a 2 MW, 30 to 120 MHz transmitter, an all ceramic insulated transmission line, and water-cooled four-strap antenna. With this addition of 4 MW of FWCD power to the original 2 MW, 30 to 60 MHz capability, experiments can be performed with centrally localized current drive enhancement. For off-axis current modification, plans are in place to add 110 GHz electron cyclotron heating (ECH) power to DIII-D. Initially, 3 MW of power will be available with plans to increase the power to 6 MW and to 10 MW

Relativistic ponderomotive force, uphill acceleration, and transition to chaos

Starting from a covariant cycle-averaged Lagrangian the relativistic oscillation center equation of motion of a point charge is deduced and analytical formulae for the ponderomotive force in a travelling wave of arbitrary strength are presented. It is further shown that the ponderomotive forces for transverse and longitudinal waves are different; in the latter, uphill acceleration can occur. In a standing wave there exists a threshold intensity above which, owing to transition to chaos, the secular motion can no longer be described by a regular ponderomotive force. PACS number(s): 52.20.Dq,05.45.+b,52.35.Mw,52.60.+hComment: 8 pages, RevTeX, 3 figures in PostScript, see also http://www.physik.th-darmstadt.de/tqe

On the Behavior of Hexane on Graphite at Near-Monolayer Densities

We present the results of molecular dynamics (MD) studies of hexane physisorbed onto graphite for eight coverages in the range $0.875 \le \rho \le 1.05$ (in units of monolayers). At low temperatures the adsorbate molecules form a uniaxially incommensurate herringbone (UI-HB) solid. At high coverages the solid consists of adsorbate molecules that are primarily rolled on their side perpen-dicular to the surface of the substrate. As the coverage is decreased, the amount of molecular rolling diminishes until $\rho$ = 0.933 where it disappears (molecules become primarily parallel to the surface). If the density is decreased enough, vacancies appear. As the temperature is increased we observe a three-phase regime for $\rho > 0.933$ (with an orientationally ordered nematic mesophase), for lower coverages the system melts directly to the disordered (and isotropic) liquid phase. The solid-nematic transition temperature is very sensitive to coverage whereas the melting temperature is quite insensitive to it, except for at low coverages where increased in-plane space and ultimately vacancies soften the solid phase and lower the melting temperature. Our results signal the importance of molecular rolling and tilting (which result from an the competition between molecule-molecule and molecule-substrate interactions) for the formation of the intermediate phase, while the insensitivity of the system's melting temperature to changing density is understood in terms of in-plane space occupation through rolling. Comparisons and contrasts with experimental results are discussed

Thoroughness of Mediastinal Staging in Stage IIIA Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

IntroductionGuidelines recommend that patients with clinical stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergo histologic confirmation of pathologic lymph nodes. Studies have suggested that invasive mediastinal staging is underutilized, although practice patterns have not been rigorously evaluated.MethodsWe used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database to identify patients with stage IIIA NSCLC diagnosed from 1998 through 2005. Invasive staging and use of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning were assessed using Medicare claims. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify patient characteristics associated with use of invasive staging.ResultsOf 7583 stage IIIA NSCLC patients, 1678 (22%) underwent invasive staging. Patients who received curative intent cancer treatment were more likely to undergo invasive staging than patients who did not receive cancer-specific therapy (30% versus 9.8%, adjusted odds ratio, 3.31; 95% confidence interval, 2.78–3.95). The oldest patients (age, 85–94 years) were less likely to receive invasive staging than the youngest (age, 67–69 years; 27.6% versus 11.9%; odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.34–0.61). Sex, marital status, income, and race were not associated with the use of the invasive staging. The use of invasive staging was stable throughout the study period, despite an increase in the use of PET scanning from less than 10% of patients before 2000 to almost 70% in 2005.ConclusionNearly 80% of Medicare beneficiaries with stage IIIA NSCLC do not receive guideline adherent mediastinal staging; this failure cannot be entirely explained by patient factors or a reliance on PET imaging. Incentives to encourage use of invasive staging may improve care

Small denominators, frequency operators, and Lie transforms for nearly integrable quantum spin systems

Based on the previously proposed notions of action operators and of quantum integrability, frequency operators are introduced in a fully quantum-mechanical setting. They are conceptually useful because another formulation can be given to unitary perturbation theory. When worked out for quantum spin systems, this variant is found to be formally equivalent to canonical perturbation theory applied to nearly integrable systems consisting of classical spins. In particular, it becomes possible to locate the quantum-mechanical operator-valued equivalent of the frequency denominators that may cause divergence of the classical perturbation series. The results that are established here link the concept of quantum-mechanical integrability to a technical question, namely, the behavior of specific perturbation series

RF power diagnostics and control on the DIII-D, 4 MW 30--120 MHz fast wave current drive system (FWCD)

The Fast Wave Current Drive System uses three 2 MW transmitters to drive three antennas inside the DIII-D vacuum vessel. This paper describes the diagnostics for this system. The diagnostics associated with the General Atomics Fast Wave Current Drive System allow the system tuning to be analyzed and modified on a between shot basis. The transmitters can be exactly tuned to match the plasma with only one tuning shot into the plasma. This facilitates maximum rf power utilization

System control and data acquisition of the two new FWCD RF systems at DIII-D

The Fast Wave Current Drive (FWCD) system at DIII-D has increased its available radio frequency (RF) power capabilities with the addition of two new high power transmitters along with their associated transmission line systems. A Sun Sparc-10 workstation, functioning as the FWCD operator console, is being used to control transmitter operating parameters and transmission line tuning parameters, along with acquiring data and making data available for integration into the DIII-D data acquisition system. Labview, a graphical user interface application, is used to manage and control the above processes. This paper will discuss the three primary branches of the FWCD computer control system: transmitter control, transmission line tuning control, and FWCD data acquisition. The main control program developed uses VXI, GPIB, CAMAC, Serial, and Ethernet protocols to blend the three branches together into one cohesive system. The control of the transmitters utilizes VXI technology to communicate with the transmitter`s digital interface. A GPIB network allows for communication with various instruments and CAMAC crate controllers. CAMAC crates are located at each phase-shifter/stub-tuner station and are used to digitize transmission line parameters along with transmission line fault detection during RF transmission. The phase-shifter/stub-tuner stations are located through out the DIII-D facility and are controlled from the FWCD operator console via the workstation`s Serial port. The Sun workstation has an Ethernet connection allowing for the utilization of the DIII-D data acquisition {open_quotes}Open System{close_quotes} architecture and of course providing communication with the rest of the world