O papel do Banco de Germoplasma: Isoplexis-Germobanco no estudo e conservação da agrodiversidade e dos recursos genéticos

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The Expected Impact of Climate in the Grapevine Culture, in Madeira Region, Portugal

It's increasingly important to know the effects of climate change on crops. This study aimed to determine the bioclimatic indices for the main wine-growing areas of Madeira island, for the current period and for two simulated climate scenarios to understand the potential and limits that will be imposed on the development of vine culture. The climate characterization process was mainly based on the Multicriteria Climatic Classification System (Géoviticulture MCC System) and used for the Winkler Index (WI), used to describe the suitability of crop cultivation in different climates. Heliothermal Index (HI) in general, showed that the regions analysed will not change in terms of heat accumulation, except for the region of Quinta Grande and Santana. For the Night Cold Index (CI), the regions of Quinta Grande, São Vicente, and Santana currently have minimum ideal temperatures for a good maturation of the vineyards. The Dryness Index (DI) showed that currently and in the simulated scenarios, all regions have not suffered from drastic water restrictions. In the regions of Quinta Grande, São Vicente, Ponta do Pargo, and Santana according to the Winkler Index (WI), the quality of the wines will change if the results of the simulations come true.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Recursos fitogenéticos

Este capítulo aborda os recursos fitogenéticos do cas- tanheiro no Arquipélago da Madeira e as metodologias utilizadas na sua avaliação. Os aspectos relacionados com as metodologias de caracterização destes recursos são analisados, nomeadamente os diferentes descritores morfológicos, bioquímicos e moleculares utilizados e as técnicas que dão suporte à avaliação dos mesmos. São apresentados os resultados preliminares da avaliação dos recursos do castanheiro, desenvolvidos com base num estudo de caracterização morfológica, sendo propostas 7 variedades regionais: curral, coração de boi, preta, mansinha, lisboa, santo antónio e formosa. Esta avaliação preliminar dos recursos do castanheiro deverá, no futuro, ser fundamentada com base em dados bioquímicos e moleculares. Por último, são abordadas as perspectivas de protecção desta cultura e da valorização da sua produção na Madeira.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

História, importância e distribuição do castanheiro

O presente capítulo aborda a história e a importância da cultura do castanheiro no Arquipélago da Madeira, assim como a sua distribuição actual na ilha da Madeira. Os aspectos relacionados com a distribuição geográfica da cultura e as condições edafo-ecológicas, em que se desenvolvem as principais cultivares desta espécie agro- -florestal, são caracterizados com o objectivo de explicar a diversidade de recursos genéticos existentes numa região de pequenas dimensões.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

GC-MS analysis of steroids and triterpenoids occurring in leaves and tubers of Tamus edulis Lowe

Tamus edulis Lowe is an endemic perennial plant belonging to Dioscoreaceae family. The plant has long climbing stems, ovate leaves, flowers in spikes, fleshy red berries and long tuberous roots. Young shoots and tuberous roots of T. edulis were used traditionally for nourishment and as a herbal medicine. Leaves and roots analyzed in the present study were collected in the northwest of Madeira island. The GC–MS analysis allowed to detect several steroids in free forms in diethyl ether extracts; and diosgenin with its isomer, yamogenin, in hydrolyzates from methanolic extracts.The obtained results reveal that Tamus edulis has some features common with other Dioscorea species, e.g., the presence of steroidal saponins with diosgenin and yamogenin as aglycones, or the phytosterol composition with predominating sitosterol. However, some other traits, like the relatively high content of free steroids (more than 1 mg/g d.w.) and their profile rich in cholesterol derivatives, can distinguish Tamus edulis from other Dioscorea species studied previously for their steroid and triterpenoid profile.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Zoneamento Agroclimático da cultura da videira para a Ilha da Madeira - Portugal

A cultura da vinha possuiu uma elevada importância na produção de vinhos de qualidade na Ilha da Madeira. No entanto para que a produção da cultura venha a produzir de maneira mais satisfatória é extremamente necessário o conhecimento dos locais mais propícios para o desenvolvimento da cultura. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar um Zoneamento Agroclimático para a cultura da videira na Ilha da Madeira, visando fornecer dados para a tomada de decisão de produtores e técnicos na seleção de novos locais para implementação da cultura. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de 11 estações meteorológicas convencionais localizadas em toda a Ilha da Madeira com períodos de observação de 1961 a 1990. A obtenção do deficit hídrico foi obtida por meio do balanço hídrico proposto por Thornthwaite & Mather. Para o cultivo da videira na Ilha da Madeira, todo litoral Sul da Ilha, assim como boa parte do Norte, são áreas propicias para o desenvolvimento da cultura; no entanto no litoral sul, irrigação complementar é necessária para satisfazer as necessidades hídricas da cultura. Já no litoral Norte é necessário ter alguns cuidados com possível aparecimento de doenças fúngicas, devido aos grandes volumes de precipitação presentes na área.The cultivation of the vineyard has a high importance in the production of quality wines in Madeira Island. However for the production of the crop to produce in a more satisfactory way it is extremely necessary the knowledge of the most favorable places for the development of the culture. The objective of the present work was to carry out an Agroclimatic Zoning for the grapevine culture in the Island of Madeira, aiming to provide data for the decision making of producers and technicians in the selection of new places for implementation of the crop. For this purpose, data from 11 conventional meteorological stations located throughout the Island of Madeira were used with observation periods from 1961 to 1990. The water deficit was obtained through the water balance proposed by Thornthwaite & Mather. For the cultivation of grapevines on Madeira Island, all the southern coast of the Island, as well as much of the North, are areas conducive to the development of culture; however on the southern coast, additional irrigation is necessary to meet the water needs of the crop. In the North coast, it is necessary to have some care with possible appearance of fungal diseases, due to the large volumes of precipitation present in the area.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Genetic diversity and differentiation in Patellifolia (Amaranthaceae) in the Macaronesian archipelagos and the Iberian Peninsula and implications for genetic conservation programmes

This is the first comprehensive investigation of the patterns of genetic diversity of Patellifolia species. The main objective of our research work is to determine Most Appropriate crop Wild relative Populations (MAWP) suited to conserve in situ wild relatives of the sugar beet. Individual plant samples of P. patellaris were collected at 26 and of P. procumbens/P. webbiana at seven sites and analysed with 24 and 22 microsatellite markers, respectively. On average 15 alleles per locus were found within the set of 581 P. patellaris and an average of 12 alleles per locus in the set of 172 P. procumbens/P. webbiana individuals. The factorial analysis showed diversity patterns which agree well with the geographic origin of the samples. The genetic data suggest that P. patellaris reproduces mainly by self-fertilisation while P. procumbens/P. webbiana have the signature of outbreeders. The measure D was used to calculate the genetic distance of each occurrence to the pooled remaining occurrences, the complement. Occurrences with either the lowest or the highest genetic distance to the complement are particularly suited to conserve the genetic diversity of the species. Eight occurrences of P. patellaris, two of P. procumbens and one for P. webbiana were determined according to this scheme, proposed as MAWP and recommended for the establishment of genetic reserves.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Aluminium tolerance in bean traditional cultivars from Madeira

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important legume crop in the world, providing low-cost, high quality protein, minerals and dietary fiber for human nutrition. The crop was originated from diversity centers in America and exhibits adaptation abilities to different environmental conditions, including soil with low pH. Acid soils occupy 30% of the agro ecosystem areas in the world. In Madeira, acid Andosols and unsatured Cambisols are the dominant groups of soils. Generally, under acidic and infertile conditions, besides of H+ toxicity, soluble aluminium (Al) is the most important abiotic factor limiting plant development and crop productivity. In the field, the hidden roots are also affected and the reduction of root growth under Al stress can be clearly observed in early stages. Seedlings of fifty bean accessions from the Archipelago of Madeira were tested under controlled conditions in the presence of 50 mM Al at pH 4.4. In general, the tested germplasm appeared to be sensitive or very sensitive to Al toxicity. However, fifteen traditional cultivars clearly exhibited elevated Al-tolerance, with an average root relative elongation (RRE) exceeding 50%, while top six accessions surpassed the 60% RRE mark. The Madeira bean germplasm is a valuable resource for sustainable crop production in acid soils and it could be used as parental lines in breeding programs aimed for Al tolerance in common beans

Monitoring system and in situ conservation of endemic and threatened Beta patula Aiton populations in Madeira Region

Madeira Archipelago is a hotspot for crop wild relatives (CWR) of crop cultures. Some of these CWR are present in very specific environments, such as, in Ponta de São Lourenço or Desertas Islands. One such species is Beta patula Aiton, a Critically Endangered species which belongs to the Gene Pool 1b of cultivated beets. A continuous effort has been developed for its ex situ conservation through the storage of accessions (ISOP2512 and ISOP1911) in the ISOPlexis GeneBank at the University of Madeira. Simultaneously, a series of studies have been carried out to understand the species’ ecogeographic and ecological requirements, to validate populations’ boundaries and sizes, and to establish population dynamics. This study includes a complete floristic survey at the B. patula locations of, Desembarcadouro islet (DI) with 12 (DI1–DI12) sampling sites, and Chão islet (CI) with 3 (CI1–CI3). Several Biodiversity indices were calculated for these locations. Plot DI3 exhibited the highest values for Corrected Evenness (E′ = 0.77 ± 0.07), Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index (H′ = 2.48 ± 0.12), and Hill’s Index (N2 = 4.47 ± 0.72), with a total sum of 306 individuals of B. patula. The demographic status of B. patula populations in DI and CI was determined yearly between 2014 and 2018. The results show an average population size of 16,906 and 2917 plants, respectively. These data will be used for the establishment of a protocol to monitor and manage a genetic reserve for B. patula and other CWR. By doing so, our work will contribute to the implementation of the European genetic reserve network

Enhancing legume ecosystem services through an understanding of plant–pollinator interplay

Legumes are bee-pollinated, but to a different extent. The importance of the plant– pollinator interplay (PPI), in flowering crops such as legumes lies in a combination of the importance of pollination for the production service and breeding strategies, plus the increasing urgency in mitigating the decline of pollinators through the development and implementation of conservation measures. To realize the full potential of the PPI, a multidisciplinary approach is required. This article assembles an international team of genebank managers, geneticists, plant breeders, experts on environmental governance and agro-ecology, and comprises several sections. The contributions in these sections outline both the state of the art of knowledge in the field and the novel aspects under development, and encompass a range of reviews, opinions and perspectives. The first three sections explore the role of PPI in legume breeding strategies. PPI based approaches to crop improvement can make it possible to adapt and re-design breeding strategies to meet both goals of: (1) optimal productivity, based on an efficient use of pollinators, and (2) biodiversity conservation. The next section deals with entomological aspects and focuses on the protection of the “pest control service” and pollinators in legume crops. The final section addresses general approaches to encourage the synergybetweenfoodproductionandpollinationservicesatfarmerfieldlevel.Twobasic approaches are proposed: (a) Farming with Alternative Pollinators and (b) Crop Design System