Efeitos da suplementação com Ômega 3 sobre comportamentos relacionados à depressão em camundongos adultos expostos a estresse crônico

The characteristics of depression, in a general way, are sadness ou irritability, somatic and cognitive changes that generate huge prejudices to the global action capacity of the individual, alternating affection and neurovegetative functions. It’s not yet known the specific causes of the depressive disorder, although some researches point to a multifunctional physiopathology, hypothalamic and neurotransmission disorder. A possibility is that it occurs some disturbs in the monoaminergic transmission, reducing serotonin neurotransmission (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA). In relation to dopamine neurotransmission, researches point that omega-3 supplementation (ω-3) on rats diet generates a 40% increase on the DA levels in the frontal cortex, such as on the DA receptor connection, which is appropriate to the dopaminergic system and behavior performance on animal adult age. Depression is also associated to high cortisol levels on the blood due to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis malfunction. The eicosapentaenoic acid found on ω-3 can regulate the HPA axis, reducing the corticotropin (CRF) liberating hormone and the cortisol secretion. These factors demonstrate the possible antidrepressive action, modulating the oxidative reactions and the inflammatory cytokines production on the microglia and neuronal cells. In this way, this project had the objective of evaluating the effects of chronic stress by the restriction of movement, as well as the Omega 3 supplementation, being 10 microliters by animal, under the depression related behavior, studied by the behavior of Forced Swimming test. During 15 days, the animals (Balb C mouse), were divided in 4 groups: the first group received H2O, the second received ω-3, the third received H2O + stress (ES) and the fourth received ω-3 + ES. The stress was generated by movement restriction protocol that lasted 2 hours and received ω-3 or water, administrated by gavage twice by day. On the Forced Swimming test there were no significant differences between groups, although they were treated by ω-3 and the ones who weren’t exposed to stress has presented the fastest immobility time, suggesting a possible neuroprotector effect. On the used protocol in our experiments, the stress by restriction of movement hasn’t increased the behaviors related to depression and the ω-3 on the used dose, hasn’t presented neuroprotection.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorTrabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)As características da depressão de uma forma geral são humor triste ou irritável, alterações somáticas e cognitivas que geram grandes prejuízos à capacidade de ação global do indivíduo, alterando o afeto e as funções neurovegetativas. Ainda não são conhecidas as causas especificas do transtorno depressivo, porém alguns pesquisadores apontam para uma fisiopatologia multifuncional, disfunção hipotalâmica e de neurotransmissão. Uma possibilidade é que ocorram distúrbios na transmissão monoaminérgica, reduzindo a neurotransmissão de serotonina (5-HT), norepinefrina (NE) e dopamina (DA). Em relação à neurotransmissão de dopamina, pesquisas apontam que a suplementação de omega-3 (ω-3) na dieta de ratos gera aumento de 40% nos níveis de DA no córtex frontal, assim como na ligação com o receptor de DA, o que é apropriado para o desenvolvimento do sistema dopaminérgico e para o desempenho comportamental na idade adulta dos animais. A depressão também é associada à níveis elevados de cortisol no sangue devido à uma disfunção no eixo hipotalamo-hipófise-adrenal (HPA). O acido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) presente no ω-3 pode regular a disfunção do eixo HPA reduzindo o hormônio liberador de corticotropina (CRF) e a secreção de cortisol. Esses fatores demonstram a possível ação antidepressiva do (ω-3), modulando reações oxidativas e a produção de citocinas inflamatórias na micróglia e células neuronais. Neste sentido este projeto objetivou avaliar os efeitos do estresse crônico por restrição de movimentos bem como da suplementação com Ômega 3, sendo 10 microlitros por animal, sobre comportamentos relacionados à depressão, avaliados por meio do teste comportamental de Nado Forçado. Durante 15 dias os animais (camundongos Balb c) foram divididos em 4 grupos: sendo que o primeiro recebeu H2O, o segundo recebeu ω-3, o terceiro H2O + estresse (ES) e o quarto ω-3 + ES. O estresse foi gerado por um protocolo de restrição de movimento durante 2 horas e receberam ω-3 ou água, administradas por gavagem duas vezes ao dia. No teste de Nado Forçado não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos, embora o grupo tratado com ω-3 e que não foi exposto ao estresse tenha apresentado o menor tempo de imobilidade, sugerindo um possível efeito neuroprotetor. No protocolo utilizado em nossos experimentos, o estresse por restrição de movimento não aumentou os comportamentos relacionados à depressão e o ω-3, na dosagem utilizada, não apresentou efeito neuroprotetor

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Search for CPCP violation in D0^0→\to KS0^0_\mathrm{S}KS0^0_\mathrm{S} decays in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceA search is reported for charge-parity D$^0$$\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$$CP$ violation in D$^0$$\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ decays, using data collected in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment in 2018. The analysis uses a dedicated data set that corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 41.6 fb$^{-1}$, which consists of about 10 billion events containing a pair of ẖadrons, nearly all of which decay to charm hadrons. The flavor of the neutral D meson is determined by the pion charge in the reconstructed decays D$^{*+}$$\to$ D$^0\pi^+$ and D$^{*-}$$\to$ D$^0\pi^-$. The D$^0$$\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$$CP$ asymmetry in D$^0$$\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ is measured to be $A_{CP}$( K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$) = (6.2 $\pm$ 3.0 $\pm$ 0.2 $\pm$ 0.8)%, where the three uncertainties represent the statistical uncertainty, the systematic uncertainty, and the uncertainty in the measurement of the D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ $CP$ asymmetry in the D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}\pi^+\pi^-$ decay. This is the first D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ $CP$ asymmetry measurement by CMS in the charm sector as well as the first to utilize a fully hadronic final state

The CMS Statistical Analysis and Combination Tool: COMBINE

International audienceThis paper describes the COMBINE software package used for statistical analyses by the CMS Collaboration. The package, originally designed to perform searches for a Higgs boson and the combined analysis of those searches, has evolved to become the statistical analysis tool presently used in the majority of measurements and searches performed by the CMS Collaboration. It is not specific to the CMS experiment, and this paper is intended to serve as a reference for users outside of the CMS Collaboration, providing an outline of the most salient features and capabilities. Readers are provided with the possibility to run COMBINE and reproduce examples provided in this paper using a publicly available container image. Since the package is constantly evolving to meet the demands of ever-increasing data sets and analysis sophistication, this paper cannot cover all details of COMBINE. However, the online documentation referenced within this paper provides an up-to-date and complete user guide

Dark sector searches with the CMS experiment

Astrophysical observations provide compelling evidence for gravitationally interacting dark matter in the universe that cannot be explained by the standard model of particle physics. The extraordinary amount of data from the CERN LHC presents a unique opportunity to shed light on the nature of dark matter at unprecedented collision energies. This Report comprehensively reviews the most recent searches with the CMS experiment for particles and interactions belonging to a dark sector and for dark-sector mediators. Models with invisible massive particles are probed by searches for signatures of missing transverse momentum recoiling against visible standard model particles. Searches for mediators are also conducted via fully visible final states. The results of these searches are compared with those obtained from direct-detection experiments. Searches for alternative scenarios predicting more complex dark sectors with multiple new particles and new forces are also presented. Many of these models include long-lived particles, which could manifest themselves with striking unconventional signatures with relatively small amounts of background. Searches for such particles are discussed and their impact on dark-sector scenarios is evaluated. Many results and interpretations have been newly obtained for this Report.Astrophysical observations provide compelling evidence for gravitationally interacting dark matter in the universe that cannot be explained by the standard model of particle physics. The extraordinary amount of data from the CERN LHC presents a unique opportunity to shed light on the nature of dark matter at unprecedented collision energies. This Report comprehensively reviews the most recent searches with the CMS experiment for particles and interactions belonging to a dark sector and for dark-sector mediators. Models with invisible massive particles are probed by searches for signatures of missing transverse momentum recoiling against visible standard model particles. Searches for mediators are also conducted via fully visible final states. The results of these searches are compared with those obtained from direct-detection experiments. Searches for alternative scenarios predicting more complex dark sectors with multiple new particles and new forces are also presented. Many of these models include long-lived particles, which could manifest themselves with striking unconventional signatures with relatively small amounts of background. Searches for such particles are discussed and their impact on dark-sector scenarios is evaluated. Many results and interpretations have been newly obtained for this Report

Measurement of inclusive and differential cross sections for W+^{+}W−^{-} production in proton-proton collisions at s= \sqrt{s} = 13.6 TeV

Measurements at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13.6 TeV of the opposite-sign W boson pair production cross section in proton-proton collisions are presented. The data used in this study were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2022, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 34.8 fb$^{-1}$. Events are selected by requiring one electron and one muon of opposite charge. A maximum likelihood fit is performed on signal- and background-enriched data categories defined by the flavour and charge of the leptons, the number of jets, and number of jets originating from b quarks. An inclusive W$^{+}$W$^{-}$ production cross section of 125.7 $\pm$ 5.6 pb is measured, in agreement with standard model predictions. Cross sections are also reported in a fiducial region close to that of the detector acceptance, both inclusively and differentially, as a function of the jet multiplicity in the event. For first time in proton-proton collisions, WW events with at least two reconstructed jets are studied and compared with recent theoretical predictions.Measurements at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV of the opposite-sign W boson pair production cross section in proton-proton collisions are presented. The data used in this study were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2022, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 34.8 fb$^{-1}$. Events are selected by requiring one electron and one muon of opposite charge. A maximum likelihood fit is performed on signal- and background-enriched data categories defined by the flavour and charge of the leptons, the number of jets, and number of jets originating from b quarks. An inclusive W$^+$W$^-$ production cross section of 125.7 $\pm$ 5.6 pb is measured, in agreement with standard model predictions. Cross sections are also reported in a fiducial region close to that of the detector acceptance, both inclusively and differentially, as a function of the jet multiplicity in the event. For first time in proton-proton collisions, WW events with at least two reconstructed jets are studied and compared with recent theoretical predictions